Elemental data isotopes

NRA exploits the body of data accumulated through research in low-energy nuclear physics to determine concentrations and distributions of specific elements or isotopes in a material. Two parameters important in interpreting NRA spectra are reaction Qvalues and cross sections. 

Figure 1.4 shows the local Galactic abundances of isobars, based on a combination of elemental and isotopic determinations in the Solar System with data from... 

Table 10.1 Isotopic and trace element data for Neolithic and Bronze Age human bone from Orkney and Southern England. 

The high-quality spectroscopic data now available enable us to evaluate the abundances of scarce elements and isotopes in the classical stellar atmospheres. Many of them are found to be useful to sound the mixing and the gravity settling phenomena in the stellar interior. Extensive contributions were presented about the former process in the AGB stars, and about the latter process in the Li-defficient F stars. 

SNIF-NMR and/or IRMS techniques were often combined with trace element analyses (ICP-MS, ICP-OES, FAAS, ETAAS, GFFA) and chemometrics for the geographical characterization of wines. In a relatively old paper, Day et ah (1995) analyzed 165 grape samples collected in 1990 in four different production areas of France (Alsace, Beaujolais, Burgundy, and the Loire Valley). The combined use of isotopic and trace element data allowed an excellent classification of wine samples corresponding to... 

Currie, L. A., Benner, B. A., et al. (2002). A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a. /. Res. NIST 107, 279-298. 

For a given astrophysical scenario for the s- or r- process, the corresponding elemental and isotopic abundances can be reliably computed only if the relevant nuclear (and, in some cases, atomic) physics input data are available. In return, careful studies of required nuclear properties and comparisons of the calculated and observed abundances often give a hint as to the astrophysical conditions appropriate for the s- or r- process site (see [MAT85a] for a review). 

Information on age, volcanology and petrology for Emici and Roccamonfina is summarised in Table 5.1. Major, trace elements and isotopic data for representative rocks are reported in Table 5.2. 

Overall, major and trace element data suggest an evolution in an open system for the eastern Pontine Islands. Fractional crystallisation was a dominant process, but mixing with latitic magma enriched in incompatible elements and radiogenic Sr has been invoked to explain trace element and isotopic variations (D Antonio and Di Girolamo 1994 D Antonio et al. 1999b). 

Overall, isotope and trace element data have led to the conclusion that the mantle sources beneath the Sicily Province are heterogeneous and result from the interaction between various mantle compositions or reservoirs. There is a lively debate on the origin and physical nature of these mantle compositions, not only in Sicily, but at a global scale (e.g. Hofmann 1997 Meibom and Anderson 2003). 

Table 8.2. Selected major, trace element and isotopic compositions of Sicily volcanic rocks. Numbers in parentheses refer to data obtained on different, though compositionally similar samples as those analysed for the other elements. Source of data 1) Carter and Civetta (1977) 2) Cinque et al. (1988) 3) Calanchi et al. (1989) 4) Espcranga and Crisci (1995) 5) D Orazio et al. (1997) 6) Beccaluva et al. (1998) 7) Civetta et al. (1998) 8) Trua et al. (1998) 9) Trua et al. (2003) 10) Armienti et al. (2004) 11) Author s unpublished data. ...

This chapter reviews research on the abundance of sulfur in major coal basins in the U.S., the forms of sulfur in coals, the distribution of sulfur in coal lithotypes and macerals, and the nature of sulfur-containing organic compounds in coal. Next, the origin of sulfur in coal is reviewed based on the evidence from the distribution and speciation of sulfur in peat, and from stratigraphic, isotopic, and trace element data. Finally, the origin of sulfur in coal is explained by a geochemical model. 

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