Nanocomposites layered double hydroxide

Layered materials are of special interest for bio-immobilization due to the accessibility of large internal and external surface areas, potential to confine biomolecules within regularly organized interlayer spaces, and processing of colloidal dispersions for the fabrication of protein-clay films for electrochemical catalysis [83-90], These studies indicate that layered materials can serve as efficient support matrices to maintain the native structure and function of the immobilized biomolecules. Current trends in the synthesis of functional biopolymer nano composites based on layered materials (specifically layered double hydroxides) have been discussed in excellent reviews by Ruiz-Hitzky [5] and Duan [6] herein we focus specifically on the fabrication of bio-inorganic lamellar nanocomposites based on the exfoliation and ordered restacking of aminopropyl-functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate (AMP) in the presence of various biomolecules [91]. 

Abstract This chapter is intended to provide a state-of-the-art review of nanocomposite materials prepared by the assembly of layered double hydroxides (LDH) and polymers, including their synthesis and characterization, and point out their potential applications. 

Keywords Layered double hydroxides Layered silicates Nanocomposites Organic modification Reinforcement Rubber Rubber curatives... 

Kutlu B, Heinrich G (2010) Polyolefin nanocomposites with layer double hydroxides. In ... 

Provided in this chapter is an overview on the fundamentals of polymer nanocomposites, including structure, properties, and surface treatment of the nanoadditives, design of the modifiers, modification of the nanoadditives and structure of modified nanoadditives, synthesis and struc-ture/morphology of the polymer nanocomposites, and the effect of nanoadditives on thermal and fire performance of the matrix polymers and mechanism. Trends for the study of polymer nanocomposites are also provided. This covers all kinds of inorganic nanoadditives, but the primary focus is on clays (particularly on the silicate clays and the layered double hydroxides) and carbon nanotubes. The reader who needs to have more detailed information and/or a better picture about nanoadditives and their influence on the matrix polymers, particularly on the thermal and fire performance, may peruse some key reviews, books, and papers in this area, which are listed at the end of the chapter. 

Costa, F. R., Saphiannikova, M., Wagenknecht, U., and Heinrich, G. Layered double hydroxide based polymer nanocomposites, Adv. Polym. Sci. (2008), 210, 101-168. 

Leroux, F. and Besse, J. P. Polymer interleaved layered double hydroxide A new emerging class of nanocomposites, Chem. Mater. (2001), 13, 3507-3515. 

Challier, T. and Slade, R. C. T. (1994). Nanocomposite materials - polyaniline-intercalated layered double hydroxides. J. Mater. Chem. 4, 367. 

This chapter reports the results of the literature that concerns the photooxidation of polymer nanocomposites. The published studies concern various polymers (PP, epoxy, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), PS, and so on) and different nanofillers such as organomontmorillonite or layered double hydroxides (LDH) were investigated. It is worthy to note that a specific attention was given to the interactions with various kinds of stabilizers and their efficiency to protect the polymer. One of the main objectives was to understand the influence of the nanofiller on the oxidation mechanism of the polymer and on the ageing of the nanocomposite material. Depending on the types of nanocomposite that were studied, the influence of several parameters such as morphology, processing conditions, and nature of the nanofiller was examined. 

Graphene-polymer nanocomposites share with other nanocomposites the characteristic of remarkable improvements in properties and percolation thresholds at very low filler contents. Although the majority of research has focused on polymer nanocomposites based on layered materials of natural origin, such as an MMT type of layered silicate compounds or synthetic clay (layered double hydroxide), the electrical and thermal conductivity of clay minerals are quite poor [177]. To overcome these shortcomings, carbon-based nanofillers, such as CB, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphite have been introduced to the preparation of polymer nanocomposites. Among these, carbon nanotubes have proven to be very effective as conductive fillers. An important drawback of them as nanofillers is their high production costs, which... 

Pan, R, Zhu, B., Dong, T. and Inoue, Y. (2008) Poly(L-lactide)/layered double hydroxides nanocomposites Preparation and crystallization behavior. Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics, 46, 2222-2233. 

Wang, D.-Y., Leuteiitz, A., Wang, Y.-Z. et al. (2010) Preparation and burning behaviors of flame retarding biodegradable poly(lactic acid) nanocomposite based on zinc aluminum layered double hydroxide. 

During the past decades, nanotechnology has attracted great attention due to its marvellous potential applications in numerous areas [90]. Polymer nanocomposite is a unique addition in the nanotechnology family. In polymer nanocomposite, one phase is dispersed in another phase in nanometer level [19]. Different types of reinforcing fillers such as sodium montmo-rillonite, sodium bentonite, layered double hydroxide, exfohated graphite, fullerene, carbon nanofiber, and carbon nanotube have been successfully used in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites [19]. Recently,... 

Mallakpour S, Dinar M. Facile synthesis of nanocomposite materials by intercalating an optically active poly(amide-imide) enclosing (1)-isoleucine moieties and azobenzene side groups into a chiral layered double hydroxide. Polymer 2013 54(12) 2907-16. 

Three different types of nanomaterials, based on their dimensional characteristics, are generally used to prepare polymer nanocomposites. These include nanomaterials with only one dimension in the nanometre range (e.g. nano-clay), those with two dimensions in the nanometre scale (e.g. carbon nanotubes) and those that have all three dimensions in the nanometre scale (e.g. spherical silver nanoparticles), as stated earlier. Thus nanosize thin layered aluminosilicates or nanoclays, layer double hydroxide (LDH), a large number of nanoparticles of metals and their oxides, carbon nanotubes and cellulose nanofibres are used as nanomaterials in the preparation of vegetable oil-based polymer nanocomposites. 

An original method to fabricate oxide nanostructured magnetic materials has been proposed in Ref. [328]. The method is based on chemical modification of ion-substituted layered double hydroxides. These structures are nanocomposites based on ferromagnetic y-Fe203 nanoparticles and diamagnetic matrix, which are stable in air and have sufficient coercive force and saturation magnetization of y-Fe203. 

Layered organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites are of significant interest to researchers in terms of their applications in science and technology. These include a broad class of chemical compounds such as, (1) - layered double hydroxides, (2) - hydroxyl double salts (HDS s) and (3) - hydroxides of metals, in which various organic anions were intercalated in the space between the layers. 

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