Nano scale

Carbon nanotubes have been studied extensively in relation to fullerenes, and together with fullerenes have opened a new science and technology field on nano scale materials. This book aims to cover recent research and development in this area, and so provide a eonvenient reference tool for all researchers in this field. It is also hoped that this book can serve to stimulate future work on carbon nanotubes. 

K. Higashi, "Deformation Mechanisms of Positive Exponent Superplasticity in Advanced Aluminum Alloys with Nano or Near-Nano Scale Grained Structures," in Materials Science Forum Vols. 170-172, pp. 131-140, T.G. Langdon ed., Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, (1994). 

The nano-scale structures in polymer layered-silicate nano-composites can be thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD is used to identify intercalated structures. XRD allows quantification of changes in layer spacing and the most commonly used to probe the nano-composite structure and... 

Another powerful tool for investigating a rheology of liquid films on nano-scale is Surface Force Apparatus (SFA)... 

The failure of the fluid film at nano-scale and the relation between the failure point and pressure, velocity, and viscosity have been investigated [19]. The lubricants used in the experiments are given in Table 1. 

The mechanism of the film failure is due to the limiting shear stress of the fluid film in the nano-scale [34,53]. According to Newtonian fluid theory ... 

The failure of TFL only means a loss of mobility here, but monolayers can stay on solid surfaces to separate the solid surfaces in relative motion, and subsequently sustain a feasible boundary lubrication state [10]. Because the film thickness of TFL is of the nano scale or molecular order, from a mechanical point of view, TFL is the last one of the lubrication regimes where the Reynolds equation can be applied. 

TFL is an important sub-discipline of nano tribology. TFL in an ultra-thin clearance exists extensively in micro/nano components, integrated circuit (IC), micro-electromechanical system (MEMS), computer hard disks, etc. The impressive developments of these techniques present a challenge to develop a theory of TFL with an ordered structure at nano scale. In TFL modeling, two factors to be addressed are the microstructure of the fluids and the surface effects due to the very small clearance between two solid walls in relative motion [40]. 

Zhang, C. H., Numerical Analysis on Tribological Performances of Lubricating Film in the Nano Scale," Ph.D. thesis, Beijing Tsinghua University, 2002 (in Chinese). 

As is known, microscale friction and wear is important in microtribology. However, it is not easy to get real friction force on micro/nano scale during the tests. The surface morphology at nanometer scale, the scanning direction of the FFM, etc., have significant effects on friction force measurement. Even nowadays for commercial SPM we are not quite sure if the friction force we get is a real one or not. 

Other key features in the analysis of pore structure are the length scales associated with the various micro- (nano)-scale obstacles and pores, the possible larger-scale variations in structure, and the averaging domain over which information is needed [6,341,436], The hterature refers to analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media, where homogeneous refers to media with no variation in physical properties (e.g., porosity, diffu-... 

Sakai, S., Nakanishi, S. and Nakato, Y. (2006) Mechanisms of oscillations and formation of nano-scale layered structures... 

Surface switching coupled with geometric and potential asymmetry was used to cause directional motion of a droplet. Sophisticated design and active control of surface properties are important technology for motion control on the micro/nano-scales. 

Weninger KR, Camara CG, Putterman SJ (2001) Observation of bubble dynamics within luminescent cavitation clouds sonoluminescence at the nano-scale. Phys Rev E 63 016310... 

Patil and Pandit [36] investigated the application of hydrodynamic cavitation and acoustic cavitation for synthesis of nano-scale particles of styrene butadiene rubber. The setup used for the generation of hydrodynamic cavitation was essentially... 

Sadeghzadeh H, Morsali A, Yilmaz VY, Buyukgungor O (2010) Sonochemical synthesis of nano-scale mixed-ligands lead(II) coordination polymers as precursors for preparation of PbO and PbBr(OH) nano-structures thermal, structural and X-ray powder diffraction studies. Ultrason Sonochem 17(3) 592-597... 

Liao, C.J., Chung, T.L., Chen, W.L. and Kuo, S.L. (2007) Treatment of pentachlorophenol-contaminated soil using nano-scale zero-valent iron with hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, 265, 189—194. 

Kanel, S.R., Greneche, J.M. and Choi, H. (2006) ArsenicfV) removal from groundwater using nano scale zero-valent iron as a colloidal reactive barrier material. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 2045—2050. 

A.D. Stefanis and A.A.G. Tomlinson, Scanning Probe Microscopies From Surface Structure to Nano-Scale Engineering, Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Uetikon-Zurich, 2001. 

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