Nano-scale phenomena

Plimpton S (1995) Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular-dynamics. J Comput Phys 117 1-19 Rafii-Tabar H (2000) Modeling the nano-scale phenomena in condensed matter physics via computer-based numerical simulations. Phys Reports-Rev Section Phys Lett 325 240-310 Rescigno TN, Baertschy M, Issacs WA, and McCurdy CW (1999) Collisional breakup in a quantum system of three charged particles. Science 286 2474-2479... 

However, the growth of bound rubber onto the surface of fillers must also be accounted for, because it is an important part of the dispersion mechanism. The mechanism of growth of the bound rubber concerns molecular interaction between rubber and filler surface this is a nano-scale phenomenon. 

SCG in polycrystalline ceramics can be analyzed at two major scales. At a nano-scale level, the susceptibility of a given ceramic is ruled by the intrinsic response of the atomic bounds to stress assisted corrosion. Ceramics with a high ionic fraction are particularly sensitive to stress corrosion. This is the case of zirconia, silica and hydroxyapatite for example. Non oxide ceramics appear to be almost insensitive to this phenomenon at ambient temperature. 

There are many of empirical instruments which may measure bulk powder characteristics, which affects the behaviour of powders in processing plants. And some of these empirical laboratory instruments have now been commercialised. However, the sophistication of instrumentation available for the measurement of bulk powder properties in real time is not as advanced as the instruments currently used to measure particle size on a micro- or nano-scale. The phenomenon of flow of a powder out of any orifice or from a specified piece of process plant equipment should be unambiguously termed rate of powder flow and not confused with the bulk powder property of flowability which can be used discriminate the handabil-ity of bulk powders and may eventually contribute to enhance the rate of powder flow. 

Friction is the tangential resistance offered to the sliding of one solid over another, due to dry friction. Friction is an apparently simple phenomenon with very complex mechanisms that take place on a variety of length scales, from atomic to nano and up. The study of friction is part of the engineering-scientific discipline of tribology,3 which is the scientific study of friction, wear, and lubrication (6). It was Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) who discovered the first two laws of friction, namely, that the area of contact has no effect on friction and that friction is proportional to the load. These two laws were rediscovered later by Guillaume Amontons (1663-1705), and later Charles-Augustin Coulomb (1736-1806), added the third law ... 

The third direction which was the concept of diameter reduction has led to the group of nano fibers, although such fibers can also be built up in a bottom-up way [1]. This group is the combination of the two former directions because the aim in this case is both increased strength and functionalization. The decrease of fiber diameter generally leads to an increased strength because of the so-called size-effect [2]. This phenomenon revived the development of nanocomposites and nano-reinforcements where the typical size of reinforcement is in the nanometer or submicron scale. 

The electric breakdown of a dielectric liquid under high electric stress is a complex phenomenon where many elementary processes contribute to the change of the electrical current through the test gap from values of pico- to nano-amperes to values of kilo-amperes on a time scale of nanoseconds. Electronic processes are always involved in the initiation of the electric breakdown of nonpolar dielectric liquids. Unambiguous experimental evidence is scarce in the literature since a multitude of other effects obscures the electronic contribution of the breakdown process. In addition, many breakdown tests were performed on industrial-grade liquids, such as transformer oil etc., which are not pure liquids but rather mixtures of several components. More unambiguous information on electronic processes can be obtained from breakdown measurements with impulse voltages of nanosecond to microsecond duration. Complementary are studies of the laser-induced breakdown. 

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