Nano metric scale

Quantum physics gives a completely different version of the world on the nano metric scale than that given by traditional physics. A molecule is described by a cloud of probability with the presence of electrons at discrete energy levels. This can only be represented as a simulation. All measurable sizes are subject to the laws of quantum physics, which condition every organism in the world, from the atom to the different states of matter. The nano world must therefore be addressed with quantum concepts. Chemistry is quantum. The chemistry of living organisms is quantum. Is... 

It is important to point out that the nano-metric scale ( inside an agglomerate scale) was not experimentally studied. Nevertheless, the CL internal micro-structure was characterized at 5000 x resolution. In this scale we can define stochastic micro-pores but it is not possible to define CL primary components (Pt, C and ionomer). On the other hand, because the DECAL technique (used for the fabrication of CLs) generates very thin CLs (10-20 p.m), the 500 x resolution characterizes a macro-superficial and isotropic structure. 

At the micrometric scale, PCL20 shows higher rjmicw value than the other two manufactured CLs. However, experimental results shows that PCLOO has the highest global conduction efficiency (T]k). This suggests that the nano-metric scale has a significant influence in the electric... 

C. Wilkinson, M. Riehle, M. Wood, J. Gallagher, A. Curtis, The use of materials patterned on a nano- and micro-metric scale in cellular engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 19 (2002) 263-269. 

Thus, from the conductor pol5miers one is passing to the electronics of conductor pol5miers, to molecular electronics and to bio-electronics, all these phenomena taking place at atomic and molecular scale, so at nanoscale, creating new molecular ensembles by modeling the materials atom by atom, at nano-metric level (10 [m]), i.e., at quantum level. 

T.D. Burchell, hradiation damage in the graphite — from the nano- to the mille-metric scale, in Technical Meeting on HT Quahticatiou of HT Gas Cooled Materials, 2014. 

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