Micro/nano

Bhushan B 1999 Handbook of MIcro/Nano Tribology (Booa Raton, FL CRC)... 

In addition to these advantages TLC also possesses other merits which ensure that it occupies a firm place in the arsenal of analytical techniques as a method for the separation of micro-, nano- and picogram quantities [5]. 

Prefix deci- centi- milli- micro- nano- pico- fcmto- atto- zepto-... 

Bhushan, B., Handbook of Micro/Nano Tribology, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999. 

TFL is an important sub-discipline of nano tribology. TFL in an ultra-thin clearance exists extensively in micro/nano components, integrated circuit (IC), micro-electromechanical system (MEMS), computer hard disks, etc. The impressive developments of these techniques present a challenge to develop a theory of TFL with an ordered structure at nano scale. In TFL modeling, two factors to be addressed are the microstructure of the fluids and the surface effects due to the very small clearance between two solid walls in relative motion [40]. 

Differences Between Macro and Micro/ Nano Friction and Wear... 

As is known, microscale friction and wear is important in microtribology. However, it is not easy to get real friction force on micro/nano scale during the tests. The surface morphology at nanometer scale, the scanning direction of the FFM, etc., have significant effects on friction force measurement. Even nowadays for commercial SPM we are not quite sure if the friction force we get is a real one or not. 

Second, the properties of micro/nano friction and wear/ scratch of several representative films are introduced. These films include from organic molecular films, solid films, to multilayers. The experiments were designed reasonably to understand the behaviors of micro/nano friction and wear of the films. The sample preparation methods were also de-... 

The mechanism of micro/nano friction and wear/ scratch is still not well known. There are several questions that need to be answered (a) How are the materials removed at very low load as nano Newton scale. Is it similar to that at macro scale Can we explain the material loss according to the traditional wear mechanisms (b) What is the connection between micro and macro friction and wear ... 

Therefore, further research on micro/nano friction and wear/scratch is still needed although we tribologists have been studying this subject for over 20 years. 

Other key features in the analysis of pore structure are the length scales associated with the various micro- (nano)-scale obstacles and pores, the possible larger-scale variations in structure, and the averaging domain over which information is needed [6,341,436], The hterature refers to analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media, where homogeneous refers to media with no variation in physical properties (e.g., porosity, diffu-... 

The most intensive development of the nanoparticle area concerns the synthesis of metal particles for applications in physics or in micro/nano-electronics generally. Besides the use of physical techniques such as atom evaporation, synthetic techniques based on salt reduction or compound precipitation (oxides, sulfides, selenides, etc.) have been developed, and associated, in general, to a kinetic control of the reaction using high temperatures, slow addition of reactants, or use of micelles as nanoreactors [15-20]. Organometallic compounds have also previously been used as material precursors in high temperature decomposition processes, for example in chemical vapor deposition [21]. Metal carbonyls have been widely used as precursors of metals either in the gas phase (OMCVD for the deposition of films or nanoparticles) or in solution for the synthesis after thermal treatment [22], UV irradiation or sonolysis [23,24] of fine powders or metal nanoparticles. 

Surface switching coupled with geometric and potential asymmetry was used to cause directional motion of a droplet. Sophisticated design and active control of surface properties are important technology for motion control on the micro/nano-scales. 

Tamura, K. et al. (2004) Effects of micro/ nano particle size on cell function and morphology, Bioceramics 26 (eds Barbosa, M.A., et al.), Trans Tech Publications, Uetikon-Zurich, pp. 919-922. 

Launay S, Fedorov AG, Joshi Y, Cao A, Ajayan PM (2006) Hybrid micro-nano structured thermal interfaces for pool boiling heat transfer enhancement. Microelectronics Journal 37 1158-1164. 

The framework provided by the nanocarbon opens up the possibility of producing micro/nano-environments (similar to those present in enzymes) which may be used to enhance the photocatalytic behavior. 

Shen, C. (2008) Self-assembled Monolayers of Thiolates as Templates for Micro/Nano Eabrication, PhD thesis. University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK. 

Molecular hydrogen has a vibrational period of only 7.6 fs, while vibrational modes involving heavier atoms are slower. The motions of atoms in activated molecules, the various vibrations and rotations leading to chemical reactions, will generally take place over time periods of 10 to 100 or 1000 fs, the femtosecond time scale. One femtosecond is 10 s femton is Swedish for 15, making the femtosecond unit, the next beyond the nicely classical miUi-, micro-, nano-, picosecond sequence, easy to remember. 

Tamura K, Takashi N, Akasaka T et al (2004) Effect of micro/nano particle size on ceU function and morphology. Key Eng Mater 254 919-922... 

Three-dimensional (3D) structuring of materials allows miniaturization of photonic devices, micro-(nano-)electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS), micro-total analysis systems (yu,-TAS), and other systems functioning on the micro- and nanoscale. Miniature photonic structures enable practical implementation of near-held manipulation, plasmonics, and photonic band-gap (PEG) materials, also known as photonic crystals (PhC) [1,2]. In micromechanics, fast response times are possible due to the small dimensions of moving parts. Femtoliter-level sensitivity of /x-TAS devices has been achieved due to minute volumes and cross-sections of channels and reaction chambers, in combination with high resolution and sensitivity of optical con-focal microscopy. Progress in all these areas relies on the 3D structuring of bulk and thin-fllm dielectrics, metals, and organic photosensitive materials. 

Loscertales, I.G., Barrero, A., Guerrero, I., Cortijo, R., Marquez, M., Ganan-Calvo, A.M. (2002). Micro/nano encapsulation via electrified coaxial liquid jets. Science, 295, 1695-1698. 

WFor very large or very small quantities, commonly used prefixes represent amounts that vary by three powers of 10, for example, milli, micro, nano, and pico (10 3,10 6,10 9, and 10 l2, respectively). 

The size of polymeric micelles, with an approximate diameter range of 20 to 60 nm, is smaller than achievable by liposomes and micro(nano)spheres. The smaller carrier systems are expected to show higher vascular permeability at target sites by a diffusion mechanism. Furthermore, the diameter range of the polymeric micelle systems is considered to be appropriate to evade renal excretion and nonspeciLc capture by the reticuloendothelial systems (RES). 

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