Thermodynamics nano scale

Although nano-scale metal particles have been of leading importance in heterogeneous catalysis for decades, these particles have generally been prepared by high temperatures reduction methods. (1,2,3) Under such conditions approach to the most thermodynamically stable state has often moved further than desirable. That is, metastable mono-metallic phases cannot be prepared because they convert to the most stable crystalline phase, and metastable bimetallic particles would phase separate according to thermodynamic tendencies. 

In summary, the use of micro emulsions offers several advantages for the combustion process. Besides the thermodynamic stability of the aqueous fuel (which automatically means that the energy input for the production is minimal), water, surfactants and freezing point-decreasing components that are homogeneously distributed on a nano-scale can be optimally used for the reduction of soot and NOx emissions. 

These phases are (a) thermodynamically stable (b) consist of nano-scaled hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, which are separated by the surfactant self-assembled layers (c) contain an extremely large surface and present the ability to incorporate compounds independent of their solubility, to protect them from physical and enzymatic degradation, and to sustain their delivery and (d) may consist of permeation enhancers as the structure-forming hpid/solvent [54, 61]. 

Thermodynamics of Fluids at Meso and Nano Scales Inequality (7.17) means that the fluctuation can be neglected when... 

A universal criterion is that petroleum systems are mostly multiphase and heterogeneous with highly developed interfaces. The degree of dispersity is inversely proportional to a characteristic linear scale of inclusions. The degree of dispersity is a kernel of classification of disperse systems and should be accoimted for as an additional variable in all equations describing the thermodynamic state of a system At nano-scale ranges, this fact becomes especially important (Anisimov, 2004). 

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