Names hydrocarbons

A major portion of this chapter deals with how we name organic compounds The system used throughout the world is based on a set of rules for naming hydrocarbons then extending these rules to encompass other families of organic compounds... 

Contain only carbon and hydrogen, thus the name hydrocarbon ... 

The articles by J. R. Anderson, J. H. Sinfelt, and R. B. Moyes and P. B. Wells, on the other hand, deal with a classical field, namely hydrocarbons on metals. The pattern of modem wTork here still very much reflects the important role in the academic studies of deuterium exchange reactions and the mechanisms advanced by pioneers like Horiuti and Polanyi, the Farkas brothers, Rideal, Tw igg, H. S. Taylor, and Turkevich. Using this method, Anderson takes ultrathin metal films with their separated crystallites as idealized models for supported metal catalysts. Sinfelt is concerned with hydrogcnolysis on supported metals and relates the activity to the percentage d character of the metallic bond. Moyes and Wells deal with the modes of chemisorption of benzene, drawing on the results of physical techniques and the ideas of the organometallic chemists in their discussions. 

Read the steps below to review how to name hydrocarbons. Then examine... 

It is interesting to note that boiling points of alcohols and phenols are higher in comparison to other classes of compounds, namely hydrocarbons, ethers, haloalkanes and haloarenes of comparable molecular masses. For example, ethanol and propane have comparable molecular masses but their boiling points differ widely. The boiling point of methojqmiethane is intermediate of the two boiling points. 

As the name hydrocarbon suggests, these partners may be hydrogen or carbon. The simplest of the alkanes, called continuous or straight-chain alkanes, consist of one straight chain of carbon atoms linked with single bonds. Hydrogen atoms fill all the remaining bonds. 

Other types of alkanes include closed circles and branched chains, but we discuss the straight-chain alkanes here because they make clecir the basic strategy for naming hydrocarbons. From the standpoint of nciming, the hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon are more or less filler atoms. Alkanes names cire based on the largest number of consecutively bonded carbon atoms, so the ncime of a hydrocarbon tells you about that molecule s structure. 

The method applied consists in a prior, basic hydrolysis (saponification) of the oil sample, followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) fractionation of the classes of compounds, namely hydrocarbons, tocopherols, long-chain aliphatic alcohols, triterpenic alcohols, methyl sterols, sterols and triterpenic dialcohols. This procedure loses all information about the combination of polycyclic triter-penes with fatty acids. 

Table 7.7 shows the names, hydrocarbon chain lengths and number of double bonds present in fatty acids commonly occurring in dietary fats and oils. 

The names of branched-chain alkanes (and most other aliphatic compounds) have the same general format, as shown in Figure 13.14. This format will become clearer as you learn and practise the rules for naming hydrocarbons. To start, read the steps on the next page to see how 2-methylpentane gets its name. 

The generic name hydrocarbon resins designates several families of low molar mass polymers (M from 600 to 104) obtained by polymerization of petroleum, coal tar, and turpentine distillates [80-82], In most cases, these products are obtained by cationic polymerization of mixtures either of aliphatic and/or aromatic mono and diolefins present in the more or less enriched Cs and C9 feedstreams, or of pure aromatic monomers generally of the styrene type. They are complex mixtures of polymers ranging from viscous liquids and tacky fluids to hard, brittle thermoplastics, and are used as additives in adhesives, printing inks, rubbers, coatings, etc. [80-82], They are obviously amorphous and are characterized by their softening point (0 to —150° C), determined by standardized methods (i.e.,... 

A reminder of the general rules for naming hydrocarbon compounds in order to help with the naming of isomers ... 

Manufacturer Trade Name Hydrocarbon NiO (wt%) Promoter (wt%) Carrier (wt%) Si02... 

Three categories of compounds are considered in the calculations, namely hydrocarbon compounds, chlorine-containing compounds, and silanes and... 

Here, the energy carries are categorised into three as shown in Figure 2, namely hydrocarbons, electricity and hydrogen. As for the hydrocarbon energy carriers, gasoline, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas and so on are used at present, while dimethyl ether, ethanol, synthetic fuels and so on will be used in the future. 

In what follows we show three very different examples of the influence of surface carbon on surface reactivity, namely, hydrocarbon reforming, the decomposition of a... 

To learn to name hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds... 

Personal Tutor For help naming hydrocarbons, visit qlencoe.com. 

Gasoline consists of molecules that are chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms (hence the name hydrocarbon), the chains of carbon atoms in fatty acids are also hydrocarbons (Sec. 10.5). Consider the energy available from a small volmne of gasoline when it bums in the oxygen in the cylinders of an automobile engine. 

Draw hydrocarbon structures based on their names and name hydrocarbons based on their structures. (Sections 24.2 and 24.3) Distinguish between addition reactions and substitution reactions. (Section 24.3)... 

OBJECTIVES To learn to name hydrocarbons with double bonds (alkenes) and triple bonds (alkynes). To understand addition reactions. 

The nomenclature for carboxylic acids follows the familiar pattern of adding the functional group name -oic acid to the named hydrocarbon chain except that the common names formic acid and acetic acid are still widely accepted. Thus, formic acid is methanoic acid, acetic acid is ethanoic acid, propionic acid is propanoic acid, and -butyric acid is butanoic acid. The CAS numbers (Chemical Abstract Service, American Chemical Society) for the carboxylic acids are listed in Table 6.1 along with the physical properties. The CAS numbers refer to the major carboxylic acid component. Refer to the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for CAS numbers of any minor impurities in the solvent. 

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