Hydrocarbons, classification naming

Type B. Those which contain no iso three-carbon group. Most of the hydrocarbons of this type, for which structures have been proved, contain two one-carbon groups in gem configuration and one or two additional isolated one-carbon or two-carbon groups, one of which is usually in meta position. These structures could be further divided into those that contain the gem-dimethyl configuration and those that do not, but their similar chemical reactivity warrants classification as a single group of compounds. Thus, Type B monocyclics may be considered as derivatives of dimethylcyclohexane, for which no trivial name has been well established. 

Fatty acids consist of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid at one end. They can be classified on the basis of the length of the hydrocarbon chain (Table 2.2) and whether there are any double bonds. Trivial names of fatty acids such as butyric, lauric, oleic and palmitic acids are in common use in the food industry. A form of short-hand is used to refer to triglycerides where POS is palmitic, oleic, stearic. If the chain length is the same an unsaturated fat will always have a lower melting point. Another classification of fats that is used is in terms of the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids. Saturated fats are fats without any double bonds. Many animal fats are saturated, but some vegetable fats, e.g. coconut oil, are saturated also. Mono-unsaturated fats include oils like olive oil but also some partially hydrogenated fats. Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds and include sunflower oil. Because they are... 

Benzene.—By far the most important and most numerous of these carbo-cyclic compounds have as their mother substance the hydrocarbon benzene, and the names Benzene Series, Benzene Compounds, or Benzene Derivatives are commonly used as synonymous with carbo-cyclic compounds. This has led to the usual classification of organic... 

The generic name terpene was originally applied to the hydrocarbons found in turpentine, the suffix ene indicating the presence of olefinic bonds. Each of these materials contain two isoprene units, hence ten carbon atoms. Related materials containing 20 carbon atoms are named as diterpenes. The relationship to isoprene was discovered later, by which time the terms monoterpene and diterpene were well established. Hence the most basic members of the family, i.e. those containing only one isoprene unit, came to be known as hemiterpenoids. Table 1.1 shows various sub-divisions of the terpenoid family based on this classification. It also shows two specific sub-groups of terpenoid materials, namely, the carotenoids and the steroids. Steroids and carotenoids are sub-groups of the triterpenoids and tetraterpenoids, respectively, as will be explained later. 

Classification Specially denatured alcohol Definition Ethyl alcohol (100 gal) denatured with benzene (0.5 gal), rubber hydrocarbon solvent (0.5 gal), toluene (0.5 gal), or heptane (0.5 gal) Uses Solvent for plastics, resins, photographic film, transparent sheeting, explosives, petrol, prods., dehydration (cellulosics, sodium hydrosulfite) process solvent for pectin, food prods., crude drugs, vitamins, hormones, yeasts, antibiotics, vaccines, medicinal chems., dyes, intermediates, perfumes raw material for ethyl acetate, ethyl chloride, ethylamines, dyes, intermediates, etc. Regulatory FDA 27CFR 21.33 Trade Name Synonyms SDA-2B [Eastman http //www. eastman. com]... 

Trade Names Containing BYK -054 Dapro DF 880 Naphtha, heavy aromatic CAS 64742-94-5 EINECS/ELINCS 265-198-5 Synonyms Hans solvent Heavy aromatic bottoms Heavy aromatic naphtha Heavy aromatic naphtha solvent Heavy aromatic petroleum solvent Heavy aromatic solvent naphtha Heavy aromatic solvent naphtha (petroleum) Petroleum distillates, intermediate catal ic cracked (Polyethyl) benzenes Solvent naphtha, heavy aromatic Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic Classification Petroleum hydrocarbon... 

The main reason to mention perfect Clar structures is to draw the attention of readers to different definitions used here by Fowler and Pisanski, differ ent classifications of Clar cages by Flocke, Schmalz, and Klein, and different definitions of Clar structures of fullerenes as we have outlined at the beginning of this section. Upon closer examination, we expect readers to agree at our approach is the only one that truly extends the spirit of the jt-aro-matic sextets of Clar from benzenoid hydrocarbons to fullerenes. That does not make the alternative approaches, which are equally legitimate, less worthy, as each of them serves its own purposes — but readers should be alerted in advance and should be spared possible confusion due to use and promotion of the name of Clar in several different conceptual connections. Observe that in our definition of the Clar structure of fullerene, only hexagonal faces can be the site of aromatic jr-sextets, but that is not the case in the approach of Fowler and Pisanski, where pentagonal faces play a role similar to that of hexagonal faces. 

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