Hydrocarbons trivial names

An overview of important fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms in the molecule is given in Table 3.1. Besides the systematic names derived from the corresponding hydrocarbons, trivial names are also given, and these are used predominately in routine practice, especially in the nomenclature of common fatty acids. In the Hterature, for brevity, various short designations predominate, such as an N M ratio, where N is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule and M the number of double bonds. The most abundant saturated fatty acids in animal and plant tissues... 

Alkanes. The saturated open-chain (acyclic) hydrocarbons (C H2 +2) have names ending in -ane. The first four members have the trivial names methane (CH4), ethane (CH3CH3 or C2H5), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4Hjo). For the remainder of the alkanes, the first portion of the name... 

These trivial names may be used for the unsubstituted hydrocarbon only ... 

Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds. Except for six retained names, all monocyclic substituted aromatic hydrocarbons are named systematically as derivatives of benzene. Moreover, if the substituent introduced into a compound with a retained trivial name is identical with one already present in that compound, the compound is named as a derivative of benzene. These names are retained ... 

Radicals derived from monocyclic substituted aromatic hydrocarbons and having the free valence at a ring atom (numbered 1) are named phenyl (for benzene as parent, since benzyl is used for the radical C5H5CH2—), cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, and xylyl. All other radicals are named as substituted phenyl radicals. For radicals having a single free valence in the side chain, these trivial names are retained ... 

In 1981, the lUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature proposed that there be a set of trivial names for the important vitamin D compounds, including calciol [67-97-0] for vitaminD, calcidiol [19356-17-3] ion 25-hydroxy-vitaminD, and calcitriol [32222-06-3] ion 1 a,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D. This nomenclature has met with varying degrees of acceptance, as has the proposal to use calcine [69662-75-5] (deoxy-vitamin D2) and ercalcine [68323-40-0] (deoxy-vitamin D ) to name the triene hydrocarbon stmcture for 9,10-j (9-cholesta-5,7,10(19)-ttiene and... 

In the following sections, we will review the marine isonitriles by skeletal types. This permits comparison of their differences and may suggest biogenetic clues. Skeletal frameworks are generally revealed by reducing the isonitrile with lithium/ethylamine to the corresponding hydrocarbon. Where trivial names have been assigned for skeletal types and for compounds, we shall use these as reported in the literature. In some cases, when structures related to previously mentioned compounds are discussed, formula numbers will be employed. 

The following three trivial names are still used, but only for the unsubstituted hydrocarbons. Derivatives are named using systematic procedures. These particular names are referred to as retained names. 

Unsubstituted aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. HOOC (CH ) COOH. are most often referred to by their trivial names for n = 2 to 10 (Table I). Higher homologucs are named using the IUPAC system by adding the suffix dioic to the parent hydrocarbon. 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons.. Aromatic hydrocarbons generally are considered those which have the characteristic chemical properties of benzene. Many such compounds are known more commonly by their trivial names than by their systematic names. 

Hydrogenation products of complex aromatic ring systems that are not treated as alicyclic hydrocarbons are named by prefixing dihydro, tetrahydro, etc., to the parent name. The lowest locants are used. Perhydro" is used in trivial nomenclature to indicate a fully hydrogenated compound. 

Fused aromatic systems are named by prefixing the largest parent trivial names with combining forms such as benz(o)- and naphth(o)-. Hydrocarbons that contain five or more fused benzene nngs in a linear arrangement aie named fiom a numerical prefix followed by -acene. ... 

A variety of substituted benzenes are known that have one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the ring replaced with other atoms or groups. In almost all of these compounds the special properties associated with the benzene nucleus are retained. A few examples of benzenoid hydrocarbons follow, and it will be noticed that the hydrocarbon substituents include alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups. Many have trivial names indicated in parentheses ... 

The nomenclature of peri-naphthalene heterocycles does not follow a common principle. In many original papers, the names of heterocyclic systems are derived from the corresponding peri-annelated hydrocarbon derivatives (1,2-diazaacenaphthylene, 1-oxaphenalene, etc.), from monoheterocycles with an indication of linked positions (naphtho[l,8-6c]furan, naphtho[l,8-de]azepine, etc.), and from benzoannelated heterocycles (benzo[o/]indole, benzo[heterocyclic systems and some compounds have trivial names, for instance, perimidine, naph-thostyryl, and naphtholactone. Moreover, it is necessary to remember some peculiarities in the electronic structure of peri-annelated heterocycles, namely the absence of independent existance of the 7r-closed-loop monoheterocycles which could be a fragment of peri-annelated heterocyclic systems. Therefore, the separation of a heterocycle from the united 7r-system is impossible. In this case, the simplest structure and the tt-electron unit is the whole peri-heterocyclic nucleus. 

Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. The names of polycyclic hydrocarbons containing the maximum number of conjugated double bonds end in -ene. Here the ending does not denote one double bond. Names of hydrocarbons containing five or more fixed benzene rings in a linear arrangement are formed from a numerical prefix (see Table 11.4) followed by -acene. A partial list of the names of polycyclic hydrocarbons is given in Table 1.2. Many names are trivial. 

Type B. Those which contain no iso three-carbon group. Most of the hydrocarbons of this type, for which structures have been proved, contain two one-carbon groups in gem configuration and one or two additional isolated one-carbon or two-carbon groups, one of which is usually in meta position. These structures could be further divided into those that contain the gem-dimethyl configuration and those that do not, but their similar chemical reactivity warrants classification as a single group of compounds. Thus, Type B monocyclics may be considered as derivatives of dimethylcyclohexane, for which no trivial name has been well established. 

In addition, a trivial name, menthane, for the parent compound of Type A mono-cyclics is well established but none is established for the parent compound of Type B monocyclics. Coining a new trivial name for this latter parent compound may not be the soundest approach to systematizing the nomenclature. Therefore, recommendations for naming the Type A and Type B monocyclic terpene hydrocarbons will be discussed separately. 

A compelling reason for not now coining a name for this parent compound is that the majority of Type B hydrocarbons, unlike the Type A hydrocarbons, are currently named systematically as cyclohexane derivatives by universally accepted rules and do not have trivial names. 

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