Energy and Hydrocarbons

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Hydrocarbons are the principal component of fossil fuels. Natural gas is primarily methane, crude petroleum is a complex mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons, and coal is an even more complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Many of the fuels we use, such as gasoline and jet fuel, are obtained from petroleum. 

Fossil fuels are also the major source of hydrocarbons that are used to make thousands of consumer products. This chapter describes the chemistry of hydrocarbons and their importance to our energy needs, and Chapter 14 emphasizes the industrial uses of hydrocarbons. Alcohols and ethers are part of the energy discussion because of the need to improve emissions and reduce pollution. Questions to be considered in this chapter are  

Although the International System of Units or Systeme International (SI) unit of energy is the joule, the more familiar unit of heat is the calorie. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C. One calorie equals 4.18 joules (J). 1000 calories (cal) = 1 kilocalorie (kcal). For example, you use 140 kcal/h walking and 80 kcal/h even when you are asleep. 

Some average bond energies are shown in Table 12.1. This is the heat energy or enthalpy that is required to break one mole of the bond in question. Since bond cleavage and bond formation are the reverse of each other, this is also the heat energy that is released upon formation of one mole of the 

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Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering,... 

Toshikazu Kitagawa Division of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan... 

CNTs can also be produced by diffusion flame synthesis, electrolysis, use of solar energy, heat treatment of a polymer, and low temperature solid pyrolysis. In flame synthesis, combustion of a portion of the hydrocarbon gas provides the elevated temperature required, with the remaining fuel conveniently serving as the required hydrocarbon reagent. Hence, the flame constitutes an efficient source of both energy and hydrocarbon raw material. Combustion synthesis has been shown to be scalable for a high volume commercial production. 

CHARLES A. MIMS is a Professor of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry at the University of Toronto. He earned his B.Sc. in chemistry at the university of Texas, Austin, and his Ph.D. in physical chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. He has 15 years of industrial research experience at Exxon, is the author of over 65 research publications, and holds three patents. His research interests focus on catalytic kinetics in various energy and hydrocarbon resource conversion reactions, and the fundamentals of surface reactions. 

The University of Tokyo, Kongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan E-mail uemura scl.kyoto-u.ac.jp... 

Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA 2 Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto... 

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