Hydrocarbon framework naming

Systematic names can be divided into three parts one describes the hydrocarbon framework one describes the functional groups and one indicates where the functional groups are attached to the skeleton. 

You have already met the names for some simple fragments of hydrocarbon framework (methyl, ethyl, propyl.,.). Adding a hydrogen atom to these alkyl fragments and changing -yl to -ane makes the alkanes and their names. You should hardly need reminding of their structures ... 

The name of a functional group can be added to the name of a hydrocarbon framework either as a suffix or as a prefix. Some examples follow. It is important to count all of the carbon atoms in the chain, even if one of them is part of a functional group so pentanenitrile is actually BuCN. 

These rules work for hydrocarbon frameworks that are chains or rings, but many skeletons are branched. We can name these by treating the branch as though it were a functional group ... 

These names for bits of hydrocarbon framework are more than just useful ways of writing or talking about chemistry. They tell us something fundamental about the molecule and we shall use them when we describe reactions. 

Draw full structures for these compounds, displaying the hydrocarbon framework clearly and showing all the bonds in the functional groups. Name the functional groups. 

A primary carbon atom Is attached to only one other C atom, a secondary to two other C atoms, and so on. This means there are five types of carbon atom. These names for bits of hydrocarbon framework are more than just useful ways of writing or talking about chemistry. They tell us something fundamental about the molecule and we shall use them when we describe reactions. 

In the following sections, we will review the marine isonitriles by skeletal types. This permits comparison of their differences and may suggest biogenetic clues. Skeletal frameworks are generally revealed by reducing the isonitrile with lithium/ethylamine to the corresponding hydrocarbon. Where trivial names have been assigned for skeletal types and for compounds, we shall use these as reported in the literature. In some cases, when structures related to previously mentioned compounds are discussed, formula numbers will be employed. 

The SHMO theory was originally developed to describe planar hydrocarbons with conjugated n bonds. Each center is sp2 hybridized and has one unhybridized p orbital perpendicular to the trigonal sp2 hybrid orbitals. The sp2 hybrid orbitals form a rigid unpolarizable framework of equal C—C bonds. Hydrogen atoms are part of the framework and are not counted. The Hiickel equations (3.3) described in the first part of Chapter 3 apply, namely,... 

Ion radicals of conjugated acyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons (butadiene or naphthalene) are typical examples of the species with a released unpaired electron. They are named ir-elec-tron ion radicals and have a spin distribution along the whole molecular contour. An important feature of such species is that all the structural components are coplanar or almost coplanar. In this case, spin density appears to be uniformly or symmetrically distributed over the molecular framework. Spin-density distribution has a decisive effect on the thermodynamic stability of ion radicals. In general, the stability of ion radicals increases with an enhancement in delocalization and steric shielding of the reaction centers bearing the maximal spin density. 

To create a basic framework for a single series of rational and terpenelike names for the fundamental bicyclo 2.2.1 heptane type of terpene hydrocarbons, the American committees make the following recommendations ... 

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