Organic compound names

The three principal electrochemical methods are described by which fluorine can be directly introduced into organic compounds, namely electrolysis in molten salts or fluoride ion solutions, electrolysis in molten potassium fluoride/hydrogen fluoride melts at porous anodes, and electrolysis in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride at nickel anodes. Using examples from the past decade, it is aimed to demonstrate that electrofluorination in its various forms has proved to be an increasingly versatile tool in the repertoire of the synthetic chemist. Each method is described in terms of its essential characteristics, reaction parameters, synthetic utility, advantages and disadvantages, patent protection, and potential for commercial exploitation. The different mechanisms proposed to explain each process are critically reviewed. 

In addition to trivial names, some of the other categories of organic compound names are ... 

Both NQR and ESR depend for their chemical significance on the nuclear moments of the isotopes present in the species under study. Table 1 therefore summarizes the nuclear properties of the stable halogen nuclei, together with those of the four other elements that are commonly found in organic compounds, namely C, H, N and O. 

Chlorine was the first halogen to be isolated and sodium chloride, common salt, has been known from early times as being essential to the human diet as such it has been mentioned in the Bible. Aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids, has been known since the thirteenth century as a liquid for dissolving the very inert metal, gold. The ancient color mentioned in the Bible as purple has been identified as a brominated organic compound, namely 6,6-dibromoindigo, which used to be extracted from a small snail. 

How are organic compounds named Long ago, the name of a compound was often based on the plant or animal source from which it was obtained. For example, the name for formic acid, a caustic compound isolated from certain ants, comes from the Latin word formica, meaning ant and alli-cin, the pungent principal of garlic, is derived from the botanical name for garlic. Allium sativum. 

Taft s inductive constants for substituents are rather obvious forms of the correlation constants for macrobicyclic systems, since they are determined for structurally similar organic compounds, namely, bicyclic esters of the type... 

The very large number of preparatively useful reactions of organic chemistry can be classified systematically and clearly by using the common characteristic of all organic compounds, namely, the carbon skeleton. The following cases can then be differentiated ... 

It has been established experimentally that Schotten-Baumann sulphonylation holds good for two different types of organic compounds, namely (a) Phenols—i.e., OH moiety attached directly to an aromatic ring, and b) Aniline—i.e., primary aromatic amine. These reactions are dealt with separately as under ... 

In geologic conditions nonpolar, hydrophobic substances under consideration, depending on pressure and temperature are capable of changing their phase state and can be gaseous, liquid or even solid. In gas state they form underground gas whose composition is dominated by such components as CH, more rarely and very rarely CO. Liquid nonpolar substances are mobile solutions (crude oil, oil products, residual oil, etc.,) whose composition is dominated by complex non-volatile organic compounds, namely, liquid alkanes (from pentane to heptadecane), almost all naphthenes, numerous aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, isopropyl benzene, etc.), which in pure form may have melting temperature below 0 °C. 

The numbers in an organic compound name are locators. They give the address of a group along the spine of the molecule. 

In 1876, Henry J.H. Fenton publicly announced that the use of a mixture of H2O2 and Fe " (thereafter so-called Fenton s reagent) allowed the destruction of an organic compound, namely, tartaric acid [1], Such discovery triggered an intense research to elucidate the mechanistic fundamentals and propose different variants and applications of the Fenton process. The possible formation of Fe(IV) as an active Fenton intermediate, as well as the modeling of the real structure of the iron aqua complexes, is still the subject of discussion [2, 3]. However, at present, it is quite well established that the classical Fenton s reaction (1) involves the production of highly oxidative hydroxyl radicals ( OH) in the bulk as the main reactive species, and its optimum pH value is 2.8-3.0 [1] ... 

In conclusion, POMs and metalloporphyrins have been shown to be excellent catalysts for the in vitro biomimetic oxidative transformation of organic compounds, namely their sp and sp carbon centers, when hydrogen peroxide is used as the oxygen donor and acetonitrile as solvent. 

How Are Electrons in Orbitals Represented 324 How Are Organic Compounds Named 368... 

The aforementioned names are systematic names, which are based on actual structural formulas of molecules. In addition, there are common names of organic compounds that do not indicate their structural formulas. Naming organic compounds is a complex topic, and no attempt is made in this chapter to teach it to the reader. Flowever, from the names of compounds given in this chapter and later chapters, some appreciation of the rationale for organic compound names shonld be obtained. 

Living organisms are not soluble in water they may be drowned, but they are not dissolved. Resistance is conferred partly by the use of protective coverings of scleroproteins on the surface of the animal body, and partly by the presence of water-insoluble compounds incorporated into the tissues and cell membranes. Many of these compounds are fats or fat-like substances, and ean be extracted from dried animal and plant tissues by appropriate organic solvents. All these compounds are soluble in ether, and in this respect differ sharply from the carbohydrates and the proteins, and constitute the third great family of bio-organic compounds, namely, the lipides. 

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