N-vinylation

Vinyl-2-PyrroHdinone. l-Vinyl-2-pyrroHdinone (VP) (l-ethenyl-2-pyrroHdinone, A/-vinyl-2-pyrroHdone, and V-Pyrol) is manufactured by ISP in the United States and by BASF in Germany by vinylation of 2-pyrroHdinone with acetylene. It forms the basis for a significant specialty polymer and copolymer industry and consumes the primary portion of aH 2-pyrroHdinone manufactured (see Vinyl polymers, n-vinyl monomers and polymers). 

Phthalides — see Benzo[c]furan-l (3H)-one Phthalimide, 2-amino-pyridazine synthesis from, 3, 53 Phthalimide, N-cyclohexylthio-as vulcanization accelerator, 1, 404 Phthalimide. methylidine-polymerization, 1, 273 Phthalimide, N-(trichloromethylthio)-biocide, 1, 399 Phthalimide, 1-vinyl-polymerization, 1, 273 Phthalimide, N-vinyl-copolymer... 

Pyrazole, N-vinyl-polymerization, 5, 269 3H-Pyrazole, 3,3,5-trimethyl-irradiation, 5, 251 Pyrazole carbaldehydes reactions, 5, 260 Pyrazole carbinols dehydration, 5, 261... 

The successful development of eye contact lenses led in turn to a demand for soft contact lenses. Such a demand was eventually met by the preparation of copolymers using a combination of an acrylic ester monomer such as methyl methacrylate, a cross-linkable monomer such as a dimethacrylate, and a monomer whose homopolymer is soluble or highly swollen in water such as N-vinyl pyrrolidone. Such copolymers swell in water (hence the term hydrophilic), the degree of swelling being controlled by the specific type and amount of the monomers used. In use the lens is swollen to equilibrium in water, a typical soft lens having a water content of about 75%. 

Weaker polar monomers like, vinylacetate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, fV-vinyl caprolactam or MiV-dimethyl acrylamide may be used at levels as high as 30-40% of the total monomers. Combinations of polar monomers [65-67] can also be used to formulate acrylic PSAs with a good balance of properties. 

About 40-1 part of one or more polar monomer. The higher polar monomer concentrations are typically used for the less reinforcing monomers, like N-vinyl pyrrolidone. 

Vinyl-benzol, n. vinylbenzene. -cyaniir, n. vinyl cyanide, acrylonitrile, -harz, n. vinyl resin. 

MMA, styrene, 2-hydroxy ethyl methyacrylate, 2-hy-droxypropyl methacrylate, acrylic and methacrylic acids, acrylamide and N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) [64]. By this process, polyurethane is partially converted to N-chloro or N-bromo derivatives by a short immersion... 

Several wide-porous affinity and size-exclusion chromatographic supports were prepared by Ivanov, Zubov et al. by means of acylation of aminopropyl-glass supports by copolymers of N-vinyl pyrrolidone (N-VP,1) and acryloyl chloride (AC,2), M = 7700 and 35000 respectively [50, 51]. The copolymers prepared by free radical copolymerization contain their units almost in equimolar proportion, with high tendency to alternation expected from the copolymerization parameters (rj = 0.035, r2 = 0.15 [52]). Residual carbonyl chloride groups of the chemisorbed copolymer could be transformed to 2-hydroxyethylamides which were solely... 

RAFT polymerization has been used to prepare poly(ethylene oxide)-/ /wA-PS from commercially available hydroxy end-functional polyethylene oxide).4 5 449 Other block copolymers that have been prepared using similar strategies include poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-6/oci-poly(S-eo-MAH), jl poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(MMA),440 polyethylene oxide)-Moe -poly(N-vinyl formamide),651 poly(ethylene oxide)-Wot A-poly(NlPAM),651 polyfethylene ox de)-b ock-polyfl,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate),653 poly(lactic acid)-block-poly(MMA)440 and poly( actic acid)-6focA-poly(NIPAM),4 8-<>54... 

Azadienes undergo Diels-Alder reactions to form pyridine, dihydro- and tetrahydropyridine derivatives. N-Vinyl lactim ethers undergo Diels-Alder reactions with a limited set of dienophiles. " Thioketones react with dienes to give Diels-Alder cycloadducts. The carbonyl group of lactams have also been shown to be a dienophile. Certain heterocyclic aromatic rings (among them furans) can also behave as dienes in the Diels-Alder reaction. Some hetero dienes that give the reaction are -C=C-C=0, 0=C-C=0, and N=C-C=N. ... 

Guner A. and Kara M. Cloud points and temperatures of aqueous poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) solutions in the presence of denaturing agents. Polymer 39, 8 9, 1569-1572,1998. 

PVP-PdCl2= palladium anchored on poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) Zhang, Y. Liao. S. Xu, Y. Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4599... 

Similarly, pyrrole, indole, and tetrahydrocarbazole [285] as well as diarylamines give the corresponding N-vinyl compounds [286]. Several improvements of yields and reaction rates were observed by conducting the reactions in the presence of additives [287, 288]. The vinylation of imidazole and benzimidazole was reported to be catalyzed by KOH in the presence of zinc or cadmium salts [289]. The above reactions were reviewed in 1965 [290]. 

Highly basic systems such as KOH/DMSO (superbasic Trofimov conditions [291]) have been used for the N-vinylation of 3-vinylpyrrole (Eq. 4.75) [292]. 

N-Vinylformamide N-Vinyl-N-methylacetamide Figure 1-3. N-Vinylformamide, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide. 

Copolymers of N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and Sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane Sulfonate... 

Homopolymers and copolymers from amido-sulfonic acid or salt containing monomers can be prepared by reactive extrusion, preferably in a twin screw extruder [1660]. The process produces a solid polymer. Copolymers of acrylamide, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, and sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane sulfonate have been proposed to be active as fluid loss agents. Another component of the formulations is the sodium salt of naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate [207]. The fluid loss additive is mixed with hydraulic cements in suitable amounts. 

A fluid loss additive for hard brine environments has been developed [1685], which consists of hydrocarbon, an anionic surfactant, an alcohol, a sulfonated asphalt, a biopolymer, and optionally an organophilic clay, a copolymer of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate. Methylene-bis-acrylamide can be used as a crosslinker [1398]. Crosslinking imparts thermal stability and resistance to alkaline hydrolysis. 

The nonionic monomer can be acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl acetamide, or dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate. Ionic monomers are AMPS, sodium vinyl sulfonate, and vinylbenzene sulfonate. The terpolymer should have a molecular weight between 200,000 to 1,000,000 Dalton. 

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