Vinylbenzene sulfonate

The nonionic monomer can be acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl acetamide, or dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate. Ionic monomers are AMPS, sodium vinyl sulfonate, and vinylbenzene sulfonate. The terpolymer should have a molecular weight between 200,000 to 1,000,000 Dalton. 

N-vinyl acetamide, or dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sodium vinyl sulfonate, and vinylbenzene sulfonate... 

The development of transparent polymer electrolyte membrane from the bi-continuous-microemulsion polymerization of 4-vinylbenzene sulfonic acid Hthium salt (VBSIi), acrylonitrile and a polymerizable non-ionic surfactant, co-methoxypoly(ethylene oxide)4o-undecyl-a-methacrylate (Ci-PEO-Cn-MA-40) was reported in 1999 [94,95]. The ionic conductivities of the polymer electro-... 

In an inverse emulsion polymerization, a hydrophilic monomer, frequently in aqueous solution, is emulsified in a continuous oil phase using a water-in-oil emulsifier and polymerized using either an oil-soluble or water-soluble initiator the products are viscous latices comprised of submicroscopic, water-swollen, hydrophilic polymer particles colloidally suspended in the continuous oil phase. The average particle sizes of these latices are as small as 0.05 microns. The technique is applicable to a wide variety of hydrophilic monomers and oil media. The inverse emulsion polymerization of sodium p-vinylbenzene sulfonate initiated by both benzoyl peroxide and potassium persulfate was compared to the persulfate-initiated polymerization in aqueous solution. Hypotheses for the mechanism and kinetics of polymerization were developed and used to calculate the various kinetic parameters of this monomer. 

General. Aqueous solutions of hydrophilic monomers were emulsified in xylene using water-in-oil emulsifiers, and polymerized using oil-soluble initiators. Typical hydrophilic monomers were sodium p-vinylbenzene sulfonate, sodium vinylbenzyl sulfonate, 2-sulfoethyl acrylate, acrylic acid, acrylamide, vinylbenzyl-trimethylammonium chloride, and 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride. Typical oil-soluble initiators were benzoyl and lauroyl peroxides. In some cases, water-soluble potassium persulfate was used, both separately and in mixtures with oil-soluble peroxides. Of the water-in-oil emulsifiers, one of the most effective was Span 60 (technical sorbitan monostearate. Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc.). 

These latices consist of submicroscopic, water-swollen, hydrophilic polymer spheres colloidally suspended in the continuous xylene phase. A typical electron micrograph of a diluted dispersion of a sodium poly (p-vinylbenzene sulfonate) latex which had been treated to remove water is shown in Figure 3. The inverse... 

Figure 3. Electron micrograph of sodium poly (p-vinylbenzene sulfonate) latex...

The final latices were prepared for electron microscopy by dilution with xylene to ca. 0.1% polymer followed by distillation to remove the water. The distilled latices were diluted further and dried on the specimen substrates. The electron microscope specimens could not be calibrated with monodisperse polystyrene particles because of the sensitivity of the sodium poly (p-vinylbenzene sulfonate) particles to water. Instead, the magnification was calibrated from one separate exposure of monodisperse spheres which was made on each photographic plate of five ejqjosures. 

The basis for the kinetic mechanisms of inverse emulsion polymerization can be found in the seminal woik of Vanderhoff et al. published in 1962 which dealt with the polymerization of sodium p-vinylbenzene sulfonate in xylene [26]. There was then a gap of almost two decades before new fundamental studies were reported, mainly motivated by the novel applications developed in the field of oil recovery processes. However, the results are in many respects contradictory and... 

The anionic interchange method involves the dispersion of LDH materials into a monomer solution, most often in aqueous mediiun (path 1 in Fig. 6) [52-54]. The dispersion is then stirred for several horns with mild heating. To be able to replace the interlayer anion, the monomer molecules should have such functionality as can stabilize the layered structure by neutralizing the excess charge on the hydroxide sheets of LDH. For example, acrylate anions are intercalated into Mg - Al LDH through ion exchange with Cl" or NO3" present in LDH. Lee and Chen reported intercalation of acrylate and 2-acryloamido-2-methyl propane sulfonate into hydrotalcite [51]. These intercalated hybrids are then dispersed in an alkah-neutralized solution of the monomer and the polymerization is carried out in the presence of an initiator. Leroux and coworkers prepared vinylbenzene sulfonate monomer intercalated Zn-Al LDH [52] and aminobenzene sulfonate monomer intercalated Cu-Cr LDH [53]. Further, Tanaka et al. reported acrylate ion intercalation within LDH by replacing the nitrate anion from Mg-Al LDH [54]. 

In both cases described above, the newly formed amides stayed untouched but, in a more recent study Kakuchi and Theato demonstrated synthetic routes for the insertion of further functionalities at an amide position when switching to the synthesis of polymeric sulfonamides [12]. Therefore, the starting polymer poly (pentafluorophenyl-4-vinylbenzene sulfonate) was aminolyzed to obtain the corresponding sulfonamide. A subsequent Mitsunobu reaction led to doubly functionalized side chains (Scheme 6). This succession enabled the double functionalization of each repeating unit with a huge library of different amines and alcohols in almost quantitative yields. 

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