N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer

Waters (see 2006-2007 Catalog, SPE products) Oasis HLB Divinylbenzene-N-vinyl-pyrrolidone copolymer Reversed phase with some hydrogen bond acceptor and dipolar reactivity Rosuvastatin (71) NSAIDs (72) fexofenadine (73) catechins (74) valproic acid (75)... 

Glycolide L-lactide copolymers Lactide trimethylene carbonate copolymers Lactide tetramethylglycolide copolymers Lactide a-valerolactone copolymers Methacrylate N-vinyl-pyrrolidone copolymers Lactic acid ethylene oxide copolymers... 

DMA has been applied to the determination of Tg in neoprene, styrene-butadiene, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polychloroprene, nitrile ethylene-propylene-diene, and butyl rubbers [4], polybutadiene [10], glass-filled low-density polyethylene [11], PU, PMMA, polyimides, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, PET, and Nylon 6 [2], bisphenol-A epoxy diacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer, and trimetholpropane triacrylate [5]. 

Partially neutndized carboxylated polymer solutions can also be reacted with polyepoxides to crosslink via chemical bond formation yielding tacky electrically conductive hydrogels for biomedical electrodes (31). Low molecular weight di-, tri-, or tetraaldehydes react with N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide/N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers to form chemically bonded crosslinks giving hydrogels, adhesives, and coatings (52). 

T. Ohno and Y. Nishio, Estimation of miscibility and interaction for cellulose acetate and butyrate blends with N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 208, 622-634 (2007). 

Sambasivudu, K., Maheedhar, G., Rao, V. S., Kumar, M. V. S., Shailaja, D. (2006), Synthesis and amphiphilic 4-vinyl pyridine and N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer beads. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102, 192-7. 

The successful development of eye contact lenses led in turn to a demand for soft contact lenses. Such a demand was eventually met by the preparation of copolymers using a combination of an acrylic ester monomer such as methyl methacrylate, a cross-linkable monomer such as a dimethacrylate, and a monomer whose homopolymer is soluble or highly swollen in water such as N-vinyl pyrrolidone. Such copolymers swell in water (hence the term hydrophilic), the degree of swelling being controlled by the specific type and amount of the monomers used. In use the lens is swollen to equilibrium in water, a typical soft lens having a water content of about 75%. 

Several wide-porous affinity and size-exclusion chromatographic supports were prepared by Ivanov, Zubov et al. by means of acylation of aminopropyl-glass supports by copolymers of N-vinyl pyrrolidone (N-VP,1) and acryloyl chloride (AC,2), M = 7700 and 35000 respectively [50, 51]. The copolymers prepared by free radical copolymerization contain their units almost in equimolar proportion, with high tendency to alternation expected from the copolymerization parameters (rj = 0.035, r2 = 0.15 [52]). Residual carbonyl chloride groups of the chemisorbed copolymer could be transformed to 2-hydroxyethylamides which were solely... 

Many vinyl monomers were reported to have been grafted onto fluoropolymers, such as (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylates, acrylamide, acrylonitryl, styrene, 4-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and vinyl acetate. Many fluoropolymers have been used as supports, such as PTFE, copolymers of TFE with HFP, PFAVE, VDF and ethylene, PCTFE, PVDF, polyvinyl fluoride, copolymers ofVDF with HFP, vinyl fluoride and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). The source of irradiation has been primarily y-rays and electron beams. The grafting can be carried out under either direct irradiation or through the use of preliminary irradiated fluoropolymers. Ordinary radical inhibitors can be added to the reaction mixture to avoid homopolymerization of functional monomers. 

When dopa was oxidized using the PIPo-Cu catalyst, the distinguished acceleration was observed as compared with the PVIm-Cu or imidazole-Cu catalysts (Fig. 6). An increase in content of the N-vinylpyrrolidone residue in the PIPo copolymer caused higher activity of the Cu complex for the dopa oxidation. The similar acceleration was also produced when N-methyl-pyrrolidone was added to the system of PVIm-Cu. However, nearly 103 fold concentration of the pyrrolidone residue was necessary as compared with the PIPo copolymer. Addition of homopolymer of N-vinyl-pyrrolidone to PVIm-Cu caused no acceleration. 

We focus here on a different type of monomer, N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP). This monomer is extensively used in the coating industry to add strength, dye receptivity, hardness, hydrophylicity and improved adhesion to copolymers of acrylate systems. Further note has been made of NVP use because of its low viscosity and its ability to enhance curing. (1-2)... 

Narayanan, K.S., M. Singh, and R.K. Chaudhuri (1993). The reduction of herbicide leaching using vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers and methyl vinyl ether maleic acid ester copolymers. In P.D. Berger, B.N. Devisetty, and F.R. Hall, eds., Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems, Vol. 13. Philadelphia, PA American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 57-75. 

Miyashita et al. carried out miscibility characterization of CA blends with poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), and poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) random copolymers [P(VP-co-VAc)s] [ 104]. On the basis of thermal transition data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a miscibility map (Fig. 8) was completed as a function of the degree of substitution (DS) of CA and the VP fraction in P(VP-co-VAc). Figure 9 compares results of the DSC measurements between two blending pairs of CA/P(VP-co-VAc) corresponding to the polymer combinations marked as A and B in Fig. 8. In the data (Fig. 9b) for the blends of CA (DS = 2.95) with P( VP-co-VAc) of VP = 51 mol %, we can readily see a sign of poor miscibility, as is evidenced from the lack of an appreciable shift in the... 

VP/MAcrCI copolymer of N-vinyl-pyrrolidone and methacrylic chloride... 

It is neccessary that the binder polymers (1) be compatible with diazoniun salts, (2) be uniform in film thickness when the layer is coated on the photoresist film, (3) show a high gas permeability to allow nitrogen photogenerated during the exposure of diazonaphtoquinone resist to diffuse. Many water soluble polymers were examined, and it has been found that poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) and its copolymers satisfy the above requirements. 

Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymer with styrene Vinylpyrrolidinone-styrene polymer. See Styrene/PVP copolymer 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone N-Vinyl pyrrolidone. See N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone... 

Heimink and colleagues also studied copolymers of DMAEMA with various monomers such as the hydrophobic methyl methacrylate (MMA) in P(DMAEMA-co-MMA) (Fig. If), or hydrophilic N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) in P(DMAEMA-co-NVP) (Fig. 7h), and OEGMA in P(DMAEMA-co-OEMA) (Fig. 7g) of > 90 kDa [142]. A copolymer with 20 mol% of MMA showed reduced transfection efficiency and a substantially increased cytotoxicity compared with PDMAEMA of the same molecular weight. A copolymer with OEGMA (48 mol%) showed both a reduced transfection efficiency and a reduced cytotoxicity (presence of OEMA), whereas a copolymer with NVP (54 mol%) yielded smaller particles at a lower P DNA ratio than PDMAEMA or than the other copolymers with equivalent degree of modification (as NVP interacts with DNA via hydrogen bonding) and showed an increased transfection and decreased cytotoxicity. 

While most copolymers of vinyl acetate are random copolymers, alternating copolymers are formed when the reactivity ratios for the two monomers are suitable. This occurs spontaneously when vinyl acetate is polymerized with electron-poor monomers such as maleic anhydride [273]. Alternatively, it has been reported that acrylonitrile which has been precomplexed with zinc chloride gives alternating polymers with vinyl acetate [274]. Block polymers of vinyl acetate with methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, and n-vinyl pyrrolidone have been prepared by the strategy of preparing poly(vinyl acetate) macroradicals in poor solvents in which the macroradicals are occluded. Addition of a second monomer swells the polymer coils, and polymerization continues with the addition of the new monomer [275]. 

The copolymers obtained by radical copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MA) with acrylic or vinyl comonomers, and the maleic add copolymers, generally obtained by the hydrolysis of the maleic anhydride copolymers (Figure 10.1), can be called maleic copolymers. They were intensively studied from a theoretical perspective, but also for their applications [1-3]. Copolymers ofMA with electron-donating comonomers, such as styrene, vinyl acetate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and methyl vinyl ether, have an alternant structure [ 1 ], but when MA is copolymerized with electron-acceptor comonomers like methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, statistic copolymers are obtained [1,2]. MA units from the copolymers are very reactive active agents with amine or hydroxyl groups... 

Maleic copolymers with methyl vinyl ether, N-vinyl-pyrrolidone, styrene, vinyl acetate, divinyl ether, were proved to be biocompatible [6-11], but the impurities (solvent traces, unreacted monomers, oligomers) need to be removed by advanced purification [12], Molar mass also influences the toxidty polymers with relatively high molar mass cannot be eliminated renally and accumulate in the body, inducing toxic reactions [6,13]. On the other hand, high molar mass is required for the biological activity of the polymer, which is why a proper choice of molar mass and a narrow distribution are needed in order to provide reduced toxicity together with efficiency [6,14]. 

Taking into account the biocompatibility and blood compatibility of poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone), used as plasma volume expander, Maria Azori and coworkers studied the biocompatibility of the alternant copolymer of maleic anhydride with... 

Copolymer of vinyl acetate and N-vinyl pyrrolidone, non-cross-linked... 

Sugimura, K., Katano, S., Teramoto, Y, and Nishio, Y. (2013) Cellulose propionate/poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) blends dependence of the miscibility on propionyl DS and copolymer composition. Cellulose, 20 (1), 239-252. 

SCL Nonwater-containing SCL Water-containing SCL Water content < 40 % Water content 40-60 % Water content > 60 % Silicone-type elastomers Acrylic-type elastomers Homopolymers or copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) Copolymers of HEMA, N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), methacrylic acid (MA) and MAA Copolymers mainly from MMA and glycerol methacrylate (GMA) Other Copolymers mainly from MMA, NVP, acrylamide (AAm)... 

An amine-functionalized TEMPO radical was employed by Karatzas et al. (2009) for the synthesis of poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), PNVP, copolymers with PBLG and PZLL blocks, PNVP-Z -PBLG-Z -PZLL (Scheme 15.7). The polypeptide blocks were initially prepared using the amino group as initiator of the ROP of NCAs. The TEMPO moiety did not interfere with the ROP and polypeptides with very narrow molecular-weight... 

Amphiphilic polymers, mainly block copolymers, may self-assembly in aqueous medium rendering structures similar to micelles of conventional surfactants (polymeric micelles) or vesicles that resemble liposomes (polymersomes). The hydro-phobic regions of the polymer chains form the core, while the hydrophilic blocks extend towards the aqueous phase as a shell. The resultant polymeric micelles can host drugs of diverse polarity in the core or in the core-shell interface, enhancing the apparent solubility of the drug up to several orders of magnitude [36], A variety of amphiphilic polymers have been synthetized. Common examples of hydrophilic blocks are poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Suitable hydrophobic blocks may be PLA, PCL, poly(propylene oxide) (PPO), poly(trimethylene carbonate), polyethers, polypeptides, and poly(P-aminoester)s [37-39]. 

The solubility of these polymeric steroid derivatives could be changed by copolymerizing steroid monomers with other monomers. For instance, copolymerization with acrylic acid, acrylamide, and/or N-vinyl-pyrrolidone could result in water soluble copolymers. 

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