Mycotoxins fumonisins

Major chemical contaminants implicated in food safety include pesticides, herbicides, myeotoxins and antibiotics. These analytes have been targeted by numerous groups developing SPR biosensors. As these analytes are rather small (typical molecular weight < 1,000), inhibition assay has been a preferred detection format. Examples of chemical contaminants detected by SPR biosensors include pesticides atrazine and simazine (detection limits 0.05 ng/ml and 0.1 ng/ml respectively), mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (detection limit 50 ng/ml ), and antibiotics Sulphamethazine, Sulphadiazine (detection limits 1 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml respectively). 

Gopee, N. V. and Sharma, R. P. (2004). The mycotoxin fumonisin Bl transiently activates nuclear factor-kappaB, tumor necrosis factor alpha and caspase 3 via protein kinase C alpha-dependent pathway in porcine renal epithelial cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 20(4), 197-212. 

Pelagalli, A., Belisario, M. A., Squillacioti, C., Della Morte, R., d Angelo, D., Tafuri, S., Lucisano, A., and Staiano, N. (1999). The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 inhibits integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion. Biochimie 81(10), 1003-1008. 

Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG, Sorg O, Matthieu JM, Honegger P, Schilter B (1999) The naturally occurring food mycotoxin fumonisin B1 impairs myelin formation in aggregating brain cell culture. Neurotoxicology 20 41-48... 

There is ample evidence for hydroxy fatty acids in other yeasts. Saccharomycopsis malanga (Ascomycota, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomyco-psidaceae) forms 3-hydroxypalmitic acid [31] while trihydroxy acids are formed in Picia sydowiorum (Ascomycota, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetaceae) [32] and an unidentified yeast [33]. 2-Hydroxy long-chain fatty acids are found in S. cerevisiae [34]. The production of 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid in P. sydowiorum was increased in the presence of the mycotoxin fumonisin B, and a cyt P-450 mechanism of production suggested [32]. In many cases, these compounds are esterified in wall or membrane fractions but they may also occur as free acids. Unfortunately, none of these oxylipins has been linked to a specific regulatory function. 

Sorensen LM, Lametsch R, Andersen MR, Nielsen PV Frisvad JC. 2009. Proteome analysis of Aspergillus niger lactate added in starch-containing medium can i ncrcasc production of the mycotoxin fumonisin B2 by modifying acefyl-CoA metabolism. BMC Microbiol 9 255. 

Shier, W.T., Abbas, H.K., and Mirocha, C.J. 1991. Toxicity of the mycotoxins fumonisins B, and B2 and Alternaria alternata f sp. lycopersici toxin in cultured mammalian cells. Mycopathologia 116 97-104. 

Many natural products are charged substances, and can be isolated by IEC methods. Dufresne has published a comprehensive review describing various resins and column operating conditions applicable to purification of natural products from fermentation broths or crude extracts.168 Among natural products, antibiotics are of special interest due to their widespread use in humans and animals. Sample cleanup by IEC prior to analysis by other LC methods for quantitative determination of antibiotics in biological fluids is frequent.I69171 Also, IEC followed by TLC appears useful for the quantitation of fumonisin Bl, a mycotoxin found in agricultural products.172... 

Fusarium moniliforme sya verticillioides causes the so-called ear rot disease in maize and produces fumonisin B, (IB,), one of the most frequently detected mycotoxins in the food supply chain worldwide (Steyn, 1995). FBi can inhibit lipid formation, particularly in the liver. Fumonisins have been detected and investigated only relatively recently. Several structurally related forms of fumonisins (FBS) have been associated with human cancer (e.g. FB with oesophageal cancer) as well as with a host of problems in livestock fed with FB -contaminated feed (D Mello, 2003 Benbrook, 2005). 

A number of fusarium mycotoxins are produced, depending upon geographic origin. Among them are deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, and T-2 toxin. 

This NRL sensor was used for fhe rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni and small toxins, including several mycotoxins [ochratoxin A, fumonisin B, aflafoxin Bi, and deoxynivalenol (DON)] from food pro-ducfs (Ngundi et ah, 2005, 2006 Sapsford et ah, 2006). They used a sandwich immunoassay formaf fo detect C. jejuni in milk and yogurt and a competitive immunoassay format to detect the mycotoxins. 

Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins produced by species within the G. fujikuroi complex. The major producing species are F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and F. nygamai (Bermett and Klich, 2003). 

International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) (1993). Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme Fumonisins Bi and Bz and Fusarin C. In "lARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Some Naturally Occurring Substances Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromaotic Amines and Mycotoxins," vol. 56, pp. 445 66. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 

JL Josephs. Detection and characterization of fumonisin mycotoxins by liquid chromatography/elec-trospray ionisation using ion trap and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 10(11) 1333-1344, 1996. 

For zinc, copper and iron, the 31st CCFAC in 1999 recommended that the relevant Commodity Committees take appropriate steps to remove the provisions concerning zinc, copper and iron from the contaminant section of all commodity standards. These provisions should be considered as quality parameters and can be included in the standards as such.13 Moreover, there are draft standards for the mycotoxins aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and patulin, and Position Papers are becoming available for fumonisins and zearalenone. 

For fumonisins, the USA presented a Position Paper to the 32nd CCFAC in 2000.17 This paper was finalised in the 33rd CCFAC, and fumonisins as well as ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins were evaluated by JECFA in February 2001. 

Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and zearalenone have been evaluated by the Scientific Committee for Food. The question of maximum levels for some of these mycotoxins in foodstuffs has been discussed for several years in the Committee of Experts - Working Party on Agricultural Contaminants under DG VI (now under DG SANCO). Proposals from this committee are then considered by the Standing Committee on Foodstuffs, prior to adoption by the Commission as Commission Regulations. 

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by the fungus Fusarium verticil-lioides, F. proliferation, and more rarely, other Fusarium species (Bolger et al, 2001 Gelderblom et al., 1988) (Fig. 5.1A). They are found in variable amounts in maize (corn) and maize-based foods worldwide... 

Chemical analysis of hair samples may also provide a method for examining chronic mycotoxin exposures. In 2003, Sewram et al. (2003) reported that human hair testing could be used to detect fumonisins. After extraction and clean up, high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) was able to detect fumonisin Bi, fumonisin B2, and fumonisin B3 from human hair samples (Sewram et al., 2003). However, these were... 

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