Agricultural contamination

Torslov J, Samsoe-Petersen L, Rasmussen JO, Kristensen P (1997) Use of waste products in agriculture. Contamination level, environmental risk assessment and recommendations for quality criteria. Environmental Project No. 366, Danish Environmental Protection Agency... 

In the lower course, four agricultural contamination patterns were resolved, two of them in summer and two in fall. They were all characterized by the presence of triazines in their chemical composition (see lower course patterns in Fig. 8). Variables diazinon and the group of chloroacetanilides also contributed to define the agricultural contamination pattern resolved in the lower course in both seasons. However, while in summer campaigns diazinon appeared in one of the identified patterns and chloroacetanilides in the other, both compounds appeared together in the same contamination pattern in fall campaigns. Neither industrial nor urban contamination was detected in SW samples analyzed in the lower course of the Ebro River basin. 

Johnson, B.T. 1986. Potential impact of selected agricultural contaminants on a northern prairie wetland a microcosm evaluation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5 473-485. 

Goodrich JA, Lykins BW Jr, Clark RM. 1991. Drinking water from agriculturally contaminated groundwater. J Environ Qual 20 707-717. 

If you have only a few objectives, your proposal may read more smoothly if you use ordinal language (e.g., first and second), as illustrated in excerpt 12E, rather than a numbered list (as in excerpt 12D). Alternatively, you may leave out enumeration entirely. For example, in excerpt 12A, Aga describes her principal goal (to develop innovative analytical methods for environmental applications) and objectives (to develop immunochemical methods that are cost-effective, fast, and field-portable and use them to monitor the fate of agricultural contaminants) without any enumeration. 

It is generally understood that a multitiered approach, combining library-based and library-independent techniques is the most reliable way to identify fecal source pollution. A number of studies have used this combination of approaches to identify sources of contamination, in agriculturally contaminated watersheds has been undertaken and shown promise (Vogel et ah, 2007). 

Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and zearalenone have been evaluated by the Scientific Committee for Food. The question of maximum levels for some of these mycotoxins in foodstuffs has been discussed for several years in the Committee of Experts - Working Party on Agricultural Contaminants under DG VI (now under DG SANCO). Proposals from this committee are then considered by the Standing Committee on Foodstuffs, prior to adoption by the Commission as Commission Regulations. 

Proposals for limits for nitrate in certain vegetables were prepared by a Committee of Experts in the Working Party on Agricultural Contaminants under the former Directorate-General VI (now under DG SANCO). The proposals were then considered under the above-mentioned procedure and the Commission has issued Regulation 194/97 setting maximum levels for nitrates in lettuce and spinach. 

Richards, R.P., D.B. Baker, N.L. Creamer, J.W. Kramer, D.E. Ewing, B J. Merryfield, and L.K. Wallrabenstein (1996). Well water quality, well vulnerability, and agricultural contamination in the midwestem United States. J. Environ. Qual., 25 389-402. 

Bohlke,J. K. (2002). Groundwater recharge and agricultural contamination. Hydrogeol.J. 10,153—179. 

Thompson, 1976 Thompson et al., 1974), but was not widely employed until important proof-of-concept papers were published in the early 1990s (Bohlke et al., 2002 Busenberg and Plummer, 1991 Dunkle et al., 1993 Ekwurzel et al., 1994). Since that time the method has been widely used in shallow groundwater studies. It has found particular application in studies tracing the source and fate of agricultural contaminants (Bohlke et al., 2002) and surface-groundwater interaction (Beyerle et al., 1999). 

Several processing steps are required before extraction. The fruit must first be cleaned to eliminate branches and leaves and any extraneous materials that might damage plant equipment. The fruit is then washed to remove dirt and agricultural contaminants, and finally crushed and milled to a coarse paste (Figure 5). During the last step, enzymatic action breaks up the bitter components and reduces the level of peppery constituents while increasing the amount of minor polar components... 

Interestingly, indications for a significant contribution of agricultural contaminants were not observed. However, several obviously anthropogenic compounds (e.g. 3,6-dichlorocarbazole) remain uncorrelated with distinct emission sources due to limited information concerning their technical application and usage or their emission pathway. In consequence, they could not be considered for the comprehensive reconstruction of the pollution history of the Lippe river for the time period between 1935 and 1986. 

The exquisite dereplication ability of the mammalian immune systems to identify and remove unwanted xenobiotics has been utilized by some natural products chemists. Application of antibody-based detection methods for natural products have thus far been limited to those natural products that are of significant economic interest, either as agricultural contaminants or as potential pharmaceutical constituents. However, the development of more readily available microbially derived antibody fragments (58) and the advent of various methods for increasing their affinity (59) augur well for more widespread use of these technologies for dereplication in the future. Of the numerous reports of the use of this technique of antibody-based detection to identify natural products and related family members, two representative examples follow. 

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