Muscle connective tissue

Media Smooth muscle Connective tissue Prevents blowout... 

Muscularis Smooth muscle Connective tissue Contractile motion... 

Mesoderm the middle of the three primary germ layers of an animal embryo. It is the source of bone, muscle, connective tissue and other structures. 

Proteins and peptides have diverse functions in the cell. They form the structural components of muscle, connective tissue, hair, and nails. They catalyze reactions and transport ions and molecules across cell membranes. Met-enkephalin, for example, a peptide with four amide bonds found predominately in nerve tissue cells, relieves pain and acts as an opiate by producing morphine-like effects. 

Proteins are needed in the body for amino acids. Proteins are broken down in the digestive system to form amino acids which are then absorbed by the rest of the body to form new proteins in the form of vital body tissues such as muscle, connective tissue, and skin. There are two types of protein, fibrous and globular proteins. Fibrous protein is insoluble and goes into making the structural tissues of the body. Globular protein forms amino acids that become enzymes and hormones and other vital parts of cellular functioning within the body. 

Sebaceous gland Arrector pill muscle Connective tissue sheath... 

Target tissues Liver, muscles, adipose, skin. Muscles, connective tissue. Muscles, connective tissue. 

Colon tissue was selected as a model for the comparative analysis of soft tissue by FT-IR and Raman imaging at low and high lateral resolution, because it contains aU four major tissue types such as muscle, connective tissue, epithelium and also nerve cells. The vibrational spectroscopic fingerprints of normal tissues and their distribution in control samples were determined. The compilation of such data is important before a method can be applied to pathological colon tissue such as colorectal adenocarcinoma, which is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death among cancer patients in the Western world. Colorectal adenocarcinomas originate from epithelial cells and are able to infiltrate the subjacent layers of colon and rectum. 

Proteins are essential constituents of all organisms. Most tasks performed by living cells require proteins. The variety of functions that they perform is astonishing. In animals, for example, proteins are the primary structural components of muscle, connective tissue, feathers, nails, and hair. In addition to serving as structural materials in all living organisms, proteins are involved in such diverse functions as metabolic regulation, transport, defense, and catalysis. The functional diversity exhibited by this class of biomolecules is directly related to the combinatorial possibilities of the monomeric units, the 20 amino acids. 

A distinction can be made between visceral pains, which originate in the intestines, and somatic pains, which can be localised on the skin, in muscles, connective tissue, bones and joints. Visceral pain is duU and resembles those reactions, which accompany deep pain. 

The back is the posterior part of the torso, starting from the neck down to the buttocks. It consists of small and large muscles, connective tissue, joints and the most important part, which is the backbone. 

If we were to consider the protein constituents of ourselves (hair, nails, muscles, connective tissues, etc.), we might suspect that the molecules which constitute a complex organism must be of a complex nature. As such, one might investigate the nature of these life molecules. Upon treating a protein sample with aqueous acid or base, one would no longer observe the... 

Dreyfus, P.A., Chretien, R, Chazaud, B. et al. 2004. Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells in muscle connective tissue and satellite cell niches. Am JPathol 164(3) 773-79. 

Tendons are composed of fibrous connective tissue. Tendon tissue is also formed by the fibroblast ceUs, similar to the way ligaments are formed. These fibroblast ceUs then further differentiate into other specialized ceUs known as fibrocytes. Mature fibrocytes are inactive and compose the ceUular portion of tendons. The function of the tendon is to attach muscles to bones and other parts. 

Proteins can be broadly classified into fibrous and globular. Many fibrous proteins serve a stmctural role (11). CC-Keratin has been described. Fibroin, the primary protein in silk, has -sheets packed one on top of another. CoUagen, found in connective tissue, has a triple-hehcal stmcture. Other fibrous proteins have a motile function. Skeletal muscle fibers are made up of thick filaments consisting of the protein myosin, and thin filaments consisting of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin. Muscle contraction is achieved when these filaments sHde past each other. Microtubules and flagellin are proteins responsible for the motion of ciUa and bacterial dageUa. 

Airway cross-sections have the nominal anatomy shown in Fig. 5.16. Airway surface liquid (AST), primarily composed of mucus gel and water, surrounds the airway lumen with a thickness thought to vary from 5 to 10 mm. AST lies on the apical surface of airway epithelial cells (mostly columnar ciliated epithelium). This layer of cells, roughly two to three cells thick in proximal airways and eventually thinning to a single cell thickness in distal airways, rests along a basement membrane on its basal surface. Connective tissue (collagen fibers, basement membranes, elastin, and water) lies between the basement membrane and airway smooth muscle. Edema occurs when the volume of water within the connective tissue increases considerably. Interspersed within the smooth muscle are respiratory supply vessels (capillaries, arteriovenous anastomoses), nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 

Excitability refers to the capacity of nerves and other tissues (e.g. cardiac), as well as individual cells, to generate and sometimes propagate action potentials, signals that serve to control intracellular processes, such as muscle contraction or hormone secretion, and to allow for long- and short-distance communication within the organism. Examples of excitable cells and tissues include neurons, muscle and endocrine tissues. Examples of nonexcitable cells and tissues include blood cells, most epithelial and connective tissues. 

PDGF Isoforms consist of homo- and heterodimers of A- and B-polypeptide chains and homodimers of C- and D-polypeptide chains PDGFR Consists of PDGFR a and (3 receptors Embryonic development, particularly in the formation of the kidney, blood vessels, and various mesenchymal tissues. Proliferation of connective tissues, glial and smooth muscle cells... 

The innermost layer of an artery, which consists of loose connective tissue covered by a monolayer of endothelium that resides on a basement membrane. In human arteries, the intima often contains resident smooth muscle cells even early in life. Atherosclerotic plaques form in the intima. 

Ascorbic acid—vitamin C—is an essential nutrient that the human body cannot manufacture from other compounds. It is needed for the formation of collagen, the protein that makes up connective tissue, and is essential to muscles, bones, cartilage, and blood vessels. It is a strong antioxidant, preventing damage from oxygen free radicals. 

The high active tension and/or high active strain that occurs in muscle during lengthening contractions is believed to cause mechanical disruption of muscle fibers and connective tissue (Armstrong, 1984 Lieber and Friden, 1993). Activa-... 

Figure 2. Erb s illustration of the pathology of muscle from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Note the variation in muscle fiber diameter, fiber-splitting, deposition of fat and infiltration of connective tissue. Drawing from several biopsies produced during final decade of 19th century. 

These disorders are all acquired conditions with no evidence of an hereditary basis. Most of them involve inflammation of the skeletal muscle itself (myositis) (Figure 17), though this may sometimes occur because of initial targeting of the muscle vasculature or connective tissue. Many instances of myositis are classed as idiopathic disorders, in that the precise mechanisms of muscle degeneration are not known, but is widely accepted that these syndromes are associated with abnormal function of the immune system. The syndromes of polymyositis (PM) and derma-... 

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is perhaps the most uniform, in terms of clinical and histopathological features, of the whole PM/DM disease complex. Presentation may be before 5 years of age with peak incidence between 8 and 12 years. The disease may remit and recur until well into young adult life. The skin lesions include a facial rash in butterfly distribution across nose and cheeks. Erythematous skin changes are seen over extensor surfaces of joints, especially knees, knuckles and elbows. Muscle involvement is generally evident some time later and takes the form of weakness and stiffness, particularly affecting shoulder and pelvic musculature. Proximal muscles are often worse affected than distal muscles and extensors worse than flexors. In the absence of prompt and effective treatment contractures may occur at elbows, ankles, knees, and hips. Subcutaneous calcification and skin ulceration may be found calcification of deeper-lying connective tissue may be apparent on X-ray. 

Muscle biopsy is usually undertaken to confirm the provisional clinical diagnosis. Because the skin lesions normally precede those in muscle, biopsies of muscle taken early may show little abnormality. Inflammatory foci may be scanty or absent and muscle fiber diameters may be normal. However typical biopsies show discrete foci of inflammatory cells, with a predominance of B-lymphocytes (see Figure 18). These cells are situated in perimysial connective tissue rather than in the en-domysium and are often also perivascular in location. Muscle fiber necrosis occurs in JDM but muscle fibers do not appear to be the primary target of the disordered immune process. Rather, it is the micro vasculature of the muscle which appears to degenerate first and muscle necrosis is preceded by capillary necrosis, detectable at the ultrastructural level. 

The neuromuscular complications of diabetes mellitus are most often neuropathic in origin, with distal sensorimotor polyneuropathies being the most common. In addition, ischemic infarction of skeletal muscle may occur due to occlusive vascular disease, with small and medium-sized arterioles particularly affected. This occurs in poorly-controlled diabetes and affects thigh, muscles in most cases. In acute stages, muscle biopsy findings are those of widespread muscle necrosis, edema, and phagocytic cell infiltration. Muscle regeneration may be incomplete and increased fibrous connective tissue may replace lost muscle tissue. 

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