Murine influenza model

Ison MG, Gubareva LV, Atmar RL, Treanor J, Hayden EG (2006a) Recovery of drug-resistant influenza virus from immunocompromised patients a case series, J Infect Dis 193 760-764 Ison MG, Mishin VP, Braciale TJ, Hayden EG, Gubareva LV (2006b) Comparative activities of oseltamivir and A-322278 in immunocompetent and immunocompromised murine models of influenza virus infection, J Infect Dis 193 765-772... 

NT178 Mackenzie, J. S., and R. L. Flower. The effect of long-term exposure to cigarette smoke on the height and specificity of the secondary immune response to influenza virus in a murine model... 

Host resistance studies, usually using murine challenge with pathogens such as influenza virus, CMV, Listeria, streptococcus, or tumor host resistance models with subcutaneous (sc), injection of tumor cell lines. 

The therapeutic agent should be further tested in the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) latent virus reactivation model if results from the influenza host resistance assay indicate a decreased functional activity for either NK, CTL, or TDAR, or a decrease in CD4+ cells as observed by immunopheno-typing. The MCMV latent virus reactivation model is discussed in detail below. The test article should be tested in the Streptococcus pneumoniae systemic model for encapsulated bacteria if immunophenotyping or histopathology, done in conjunction with the influenza host resistance model, reveals a decrease in the number of marginal zone B (MZB) cells. MZB cells are critical in host defense against bloodborne encapsulated bacteria and this host resistance assay is discussed in detail below. 

Examples of model viruses selected for various characteristics are medium-to-large DNA/enveloped (Herpes Simplex I, pseudorabies), small/DNA/nonenveloped (Simian virus SV-40), small/RNA/nonenveloped (Sabin Type I Polio, animal parvovirus), medium-to-large RNA/enveloped (Influenza Type A, parainfluenza virus, Sinbis virus 1), and retrovirus/RNA/enveloped for murine hybridomas (Moloney murine leukemia) [3, 51], Preference in the selection of speciflc model viruses is given to those viruses with signiflcant resistance to physical removal/ chemical agents [47, 49, 51]. 

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