Multiple specifications

When data of a single type accumulate, new forms of statistical analysis become possible. In the following, conventional control and Cusum charts will be presented. In the authors opinion, newer developments in the form of tight (multiple) specifications and the proliferation of PCs have increased the value of control charts especially in the case of on-line in-process controlling, monitors depicting several stacked charts allow floor supervi-... 

The examples above serve to illustrate that the conformational dynamics of enzyme turnover create multiple, specific binding pocket configurations throughout the reaction pathway, each representing a distinct opportunity for drug binding and inhibition. 

If you have just one specification of the action, both forms are equivalent. The main difference arises when you have multiple specifications of the same action,12 such as for different views of an action. (For details, see Section 8.1, Sticking Pieces Together.) Following are the guidelines for choosing. 

An operation can be constrained by multiple specifications. Alternatively, the multiple specs can be combined into a single, more complex specification. Here, first, is an operation constrained by multiple partial specifications ... 

Any reasonable tool should relate multiple specifications for an operation and be able to present some combined form. Here is the same operation written with a single specification... 

Partition different views or aspects of whatever you are describing. Remember that you can write multiple specifications for the same action and have the same type appear in many drawings. 

In Catalysis, the approach of specifying using pie- and postconditions simplifies matters, because you can have multiple specifications for an action that compose following clear rules. However, exceptions pose unique requirements. 

Time-Triggered Actions. In addition to explicit stimulus from exemal actors, a system may need to respond on its own to the passage of time. Model this also as an external input to the system, driven by a clock of arbitrarily precise frequency. Pick a suitable name for this action e g. end of day, or tick. For clarity, separately define named effects to specify what happens at that time e.g. clear outdated reservations. As always, you can have multiple specifications for the action. 

UML does not define multiple specifications for an operation. Catalysis permits two forms of combining multiple specifications a conformant anding of the specs, for use with subtyping and the join mechanism, in which one spec can impose additional preconditions to those defined in another view. 

Few 00 approaches seriously support the specification of exceptions yet exceptions often form the most complicated part of a complex specification and its implementation. Our approach to describing exceptions is based on the work on Assertion Definition Language [ADL], adapted to fit with our need to compose multiple specifications that can include exception conditions. Our integration of exceptions with use cases and action refinement we believe to be unique. 

In a prospective study of over 900,000 adults in the USA, increased BMI was associated with increased death rates from all cancers combined, as well as for cancers at multiple specific sites." The authors of this study estimated that obesity and overweight in the USA could account for 14% of all deaths from cancer in men and 20% in women. As well as the substantial human cost from obesity-associated disease and premature mortality, obesity has serious consequences for the economy. In the UK, it has been estimated that obesity leads to 18 million sick days a year, 40,000 lost years of working life and shortening of life by 9 years on average. Treatment costs to the National Health Service are of the order of 0.5 billion a year and the impact on the wider economy may be as high as 2 billion. ... 

Often the data cannot be satisfactorily fit to multiple specific exponentials because the sample contains a natural distribution of exponentials centered on the specific exponential time decays utilized in the fitting procedure. When specific exponentials cannot adequately describe the data, Laplace inversion routines are... 

Mechanism of Action Antibodies of multiple specificities interact with lymphocyte surface antigens, depleting numbers of circulating, thymus-dependent lymphocytes and interfering with cell-mediated and humoral immune responses... 

Several studies have recently focused on determination of the contributions of the main sources of PM and the total carbonaceous fraction (carbonaceous matter, CM) in ambient air at receptor sites. Although the contribution of WB to PM and CM cannot be determined directly, various methods for source apportionment based on statistical approaches and on single or multiple specific tracers are available and have been applied in the past. All of these methods have advantages and limitations, a problem that is common to all of them is - that validation of the results is not possible due to the absence of a correct determination method. Therefore, plausibility checks and comparisons of results obtained with different methods are important for quality control. 

The variables can take different values and their specifications define different states of the system. They can be continuous, integer, or a mixed set of continuous and integer. The parameters are fixed to one or multiple specific values, and each fixation defines a different model. The constants are fixed quantities by the model statement. 

Albro PW, Crummett WB, Dupuy AE Jr, et al. 1985. Methods for the quantitative determination of multiple, specific polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofiiran isomer in human adipose tissue in the parts-per-trillion range An interlaboratory study. Anal Chem 57 2717-2725. 

It is also possible to combine the supermolecule and continuum approaches by using specific solvent molecules to capture the short-range effects (i.e., those involving specific noncovalent interactions between solute and solvent) and a reaction field to treat longer range effects.33-35 Alternatively, structures along the gas phase reaction coordinate can be immersed in a box of hundreds (or more) of explicit solvent molecules that are treated using force field approaches.36,37 Each type of method - the SCRF, solvent box, and supermolecule approaches - tests the importance of particular features of the solvent on the reactivity of the solute dielectric constant, multiple specific classical electrostatic interactions, and specific local directional noncovalent interactions, respectively. 

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and consists of vascular and tubular elements (Figure 29.2). Both elements of the nephron have multiple specific functions, any one or more of which may be influenced by toxicants. 

Since most standard medicinal chemistry issues (potency, selectivity, pK, etc.) have been addressed with various inhibitor classes and since three compounds are already on the market, new PDE5 inhibitors in the future may be especially relevant in indications distinct from male erectile dysfunction, as dual (or multiple)-specificity PDE inhibitors, or as templates for the synthesis of other PDE or kinase inhibitors. 

However, without formal risk models, clinicians are often inaccurate in assessment of risk in their patients (Grover et al. 1995). Moreover, the absolute risk of a poor outcome for patients with multiple specific characteristics cannot simply be derived arithmetically from data on the effect of each individual characteristic such as age or severity of illness that is, one cannot simply multiply risk ratios for these characteristics together as if they were independent. Even if one could, it would still be rather complicated. In a patient with symptomatic carotid stenosis, for example, what would the risk of stroke without endarterectomy be in a 78-year-old (high risk) female (lower risk) with 80% stenosis who presented within two days (high risk) of an ocular ischemic event (low risk) and was found to have an ulcerated carotid plaque (high risk) ... 

Figure 2 Schematic representation of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The principle of frequently used scan modi is indicated. Please note that MRM is based on monitoring multiple specific precursor/product ion pairs.

The, fail-stop property is the only example of multiple specifications actually considered. 

The giant production unit and the degree of cost consciousness it generates place some traditional attitudes and selling practices in a new light. The new merchant producer, unencumbered by any long development history, takes a coldly realistic view of his product. He is quick to see and to convert into cents per pound the cost of multiple specifications and of special product grades for hopelessly small end-uses. 

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