History and development

Since George Levitt s landmark discovery of herbicidal sulfonylurea herbicides at Du Pont in 1975 many hundreds of patents have been granted to Du Pont and, in addition, to over twenty other agrochemical companies. 

Numerous review articles about sulfonylurea herbicides are available. Amongst those particularly recommended for further reading is George Levitt s original description of his work [4]. This monograph contains seven more papers on sulfonylurea herbicides covering the literature up to 1991. Another, earlier standard text for sulfonylurea enthusiasts is that of Beyer et al. [5). More recent sulfonylurea reviews can be found in Ref. [6]. 

Before going on to describe the compounds and their uses in more detail, the following section will provide a short overview of the most commonly applied synthesis methods that can be used in the production of these compounds. 

From this point in history, substantial contributions to the fields of toxicology increased dramatically, and each contribution can be linked to a basic concept of toxicology (eg., mechanism of action) and/or a specialization in toxicology (e.g., forensic toxicology). A good source of additional 

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Poly(viaylidene fluoride) [24937-79-9] is the addition polymer of 1,1-difluoroethene [73-38-7], commonly known as vinylidene fluoride and abbreviated VDF or VF2. The formula of the repeat unit in the polymer is —CH2—CF2—. The preferred acronym for the polymer is PVDF, but the abbreviation PVF2 is also frequently used. The history and development of poly(vinyhdene fluoride) technology has been reviewed (1 3). 

The history and development of commercial and military matches are covered in Refs 1,2,3,... 

The history and development of polysilane chemistry is described. The polysilanes (polysilylenes) are linear polymers based on chains of silicon atoms, which show unique properties resulting from easy delocalization of sigma electrons in the silicon-silicon bonds. Polysilanes may be useful as precursors to silicon carbide ceramics, as photoresists in microelectronics, as photoinitiators for radical reactions, and as photoconductors. 

Kleinmann, B. (1986), History and development of early Islamic pottery glazes, in Olin, J. S. and M. K. Blackman, Proc. 24th Int. Archaeometry Symp., 1984, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC, pp. 73-84. 

Cundy, C.S. and Cox, P.A. (2003). The hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites history and development from the earliest days to the present time. Chem, Rev. 103, 663-701... 

Baker, D. The Rocket. The History and Development of Rocket and Missile Technology, New Cavendish Books, London 1978 Cornelisse, J. W., Schoyer, H.F.R. und Walker, K.F Rocket Propulsion and Spaceflight Dynamics, Pittman, London 1979 Davenas, A. u.a. Technologie des propergols solides, Serie SNPE, Masson, Paris 1988... 

At the same time that this increased awareness to environmental carcinogens arose, the environmental movement was in full bloom. Since its established political goals were quite consistent with environmental carcinogen fears, the two were quite complementary. The history and development of the environmental movement are a fascinating and complex story in itself however, it is not an appropriate subject for this paper. Let it suffice to say that it was the combination of the cancer fears and the environmental movement that gave the political strength to pass TSCA into law. 

A very useful review of the history and development of the Declaration of Helsinki in the last four decades from its evolution from the principles enunciated in the Nuremberg Code of 1947 to the current version has been published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and is recommended reading, it includes the texts of the various versions of the Declaration. 

The History and Development of CMP as a Unique Semiconductor Fabrication Technology... 

The small-molecule catalysts are covered in Chapters 5 and 6. In Chapter 5, Joshua Payette and Hisashi Yamamoto discuss the importance of polar Bronsted-acid-type catalysts as well as cooperative effects in hydrogen bonding catalysis. Chapter 6 by Mike Kotke and Peter Schreiner is then devoted to the single most popular small-molecule catalyst types, the thiourea catalysts. Chapter 6, the longest of all chapters, also provides an excellent overview of the history and development of the field of small-molecule hydrogen bond catalysis. 

Dunne, J.E. (1997) Introduction history and development of the practice parameters. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(10 Suppl) lS-3S. 

Takahashi, S. Kampo-yaku to Sono Hattenshi (History and Development of Shino-Japanese Medicines), Kougensha Toyama (Japan), 1976. 

Fluorinated radicals have played a significant role in the history and development of the field of free radical chemistry, and it was recognized quite early that they have natures which are quite different from those of their hydrocarbon counterparts. As a result, there has been much effort directed towards defining and understanding these differences with respect to their structure, reactivity and chemistry. 

Contributing authors include university, government and industry scientists, extension specialists, and growers who have offered their unique insight into the history and development of the triazines and their impact on modem agriculture. We thank each of them for their contribution to the held and to our book. We also are grateful to the thousands of scientists involved in research, education and extension work who have helped to advance the understanding of weed science over the past 50 years. 

Given the history and development of environmental engineering, with wastewater treatment in particular, as it is understood today, the membrane bioreactor is quite a recent invention. Commercialization and implementation of the technology has only been going on in the last couple of decades, and so, not surprisingly, MBR technology is still in a period of intense development [33]. The current M B R business... 

Before embarking on any discussion on mass deacidification, the history and development of paper making and causes that lead to deterioration of modern paper are reviewed. 

O. B. Ramsay, The early history and development of conformational analysis in Essays on the History of Organic Chemistry, ed. J. G. Traynham, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA, 1987, 54-77. 

In the early days of the chemical industry, manufacturers were reluctant to set up laboratories, but towards the end of the nineteenth century firms started to build laboratories both for analysis and research.280281 Analysis also played a role in the development of the laboratory in the early pharmaceutical industry.282 The history and development of the analytical and quality control laboratories at the Merck company in Darmstadt has been examined.283 The changing role of the chemist in the British alkali industry has also been investigated.284,285... 

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