National differences

The national differences described in Table 5.3 could affect... 

Table 5.3 A sample of national differences on organizational dimensions... 

The design may also have to provide for a family of related products rather than only one end product. For example, our seminar company s branches in various countries may have to comply with various local regulations. One solution is to make several copies of the code and make small modifications to the code wherever the differences apply. As other modifications are made through time, the national versions will become separate and will need separate teams of programmers to maintain them. A better solution is to move all the national differences into one object so that we need substitute only that one to set up for a different country. 

The idea of a unique Jewish physicality or Jewish blood was not new to nineteenth-century America. As James Shapiro has recently argued, theology heavily influenced early modern conceptions of both racial and national difference in Europe, and so the alien Jew figured prominently in European discussion as early as the sixteenth century. In 1590 Andrew Willet argued that Jews have never been grafted onto the stock of other... 

Profound changes are occurring in the organization and hnancing of health care. National differences exist, but the forces for change are similar... 

Previous studies of occupational exposure limits have shown that there are large and unsystematic differences between decisions made for different chemicals with similar adverse health effects (Hansson 1997 Hansson and Ruden 2006). Case studies concerning certain areas of occupation (Haber and Maier 2002, Bigelow et al. 2004) or certain chemicals (Taylor et al. 2007, Cunningham et al. 1998) confirm that there are national differences in risk assessment and management of occupational chemical exposure. 

Target-setting and subsequent reporting should reflect national differences in production, use, and environmental conditions, as well as alternative regulatory measures and policy instruments that can be implemented to achieve risk reduction. 

Societal culture describes those attributes of culture pervading a population or community inhabiting a given geographical area. Individuals from the same societal culture share common values. A multinational corporation has to deal with many societal cultures, even, sometimes, within a single nation. Differences in societal culture will result in different responses to key issues. Table 50.1 indicates a... 

Significant cross-national differences in dealing with questions of risk are discussed by Shelia Jasanoff in American exceptionalism and the political acknowledgement of risk in the fall, 1990, issue of Daedalus (American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA). See also Mary Douglas Risk as a forensic resource and Stephen Klaidman s How well the media report health risks in the same issue. The whole issue is devoted to the subject of risk as a social and political phenomenon. 

C. National differences in packaging-sterile products F. Cost contaimnent measures... 

National differences in prescribing can be identified and are related to national wealth, national culture and attitudes toward the role of drugs in medical treatment. Typical countries, whether rich or poor, spend rather over 1% of GDP on pharmaceuticals, but there are wide variations. The United States tops the list with 2.02% in 2004. Erance comes second with 1.39%, and Switzerland and the Netherlands are the least extravagant in the OECD with O.Oland 0.74% respectively. ... 

Since finalization in 1996, the International Committee on Harmonisation Tripartite Guideline for Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP) underpinned by the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki have been the cornerstones upon which most clinical research has been conducted outside the United States (1,2). However, in such a widely disparate and expanding territory as Europe (EU), the national differences in complying with local national requirements have presented a highly resource-hungry administrative workload for sponsors. 

National differences in prescribing can be identified and are related to national wealth, national culttue and attitudes towards the role of dmgs in medical treatment. Expenditure per head per year in different countries varies dramatically... 

Smith J. Confusing data on chemical capability US intelligence, diplomatic lists of armed nations differ. Washington Post. 15 Mar 1991 A21. 

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