Mulberry production

The majority of environmental burden stems from the agricultural phase of moricul-ture and cocoon production. GWPioo, FE and ecotoxicity is dominated by on-farm emissions (N2O, P and pesticides, respectively). ALO, CED and BWF are mostly related to mulberry production (Table 11.4). Egg production, mulberry establishment and capital goods play a minor role on overall impact. 

In the presented case, the avoided burden is dominated by firewood from mulberry stems. This is probably not exclusive to India. In China, for example, mulberry prun-ings exceed household consumption of firewood where overall mulberry productivity is comparable to that of fast-growing trees (Lu et al., 2009). Using a system expansion approach, reductions in environmental impact are concentrated in categories relevant for production of firewood land and solar energy (Figure 11.2). 

ALO is particularly sensitive to changes in yields because coproducts of mulberry production (firewood and fodder) both require considerable amounts of land. These results can help identify effective ways of reducing environmental burden. 

Solanesol and other prenyl alcohols are important as metabolites in mulberry and tobacco leaves and in the synthesis of isoprenoid quinones. Hence, Sato and collaborators107 have developed a stereoselective synthesis of all-trans-polyprenol alcohols up to C50. Construction of the requisite skeletons was accomplished by the alkylation of a p-toluenesulphonyl-stabilized carbanion, followed by reductive desulphonylation of the resulting allylic sulphonyl group. This was achieved most efficiently by the use of a large excess of lithium metal in ethylamine (equation (43)), although all reaction conditions led to mixtures. The minor product results from double bond rearrangement. 

Examine the page before you Not the words, but the material itself, paper. We often take this product for granted, but paper-making is one of the most important developments in the advance of civilization. According to legend, the first sheets of paper were made from mulberry leaves in China in AD 105. For many centuries paper was made in individual sheets, so it was a rare and expensive commodity. Paper-making machines were first developed in the early years of the nineteenth century. The development of machinery that allowed high-speed paper production was partially responsible for the increase in literacy and education of people around the world. 

Source 1-Butanol naturally occurs in white mulberries and papaya fruit (Duke, 1992). Identified as one of 140 volatile constituents in used soybean oils collected from a processing plant that fried various beef, chicken, and veal products (Takeoka et al., 1996). 

Cloth made from the inner bark (secondary phloem) of various plants is found throughout many of the tropical regions of the world. Although the origins of its production are unknown, they have been chronicled as early as the 6th-century B.C. in China (5). The bark cloth of the Pacific, more commonly referred to by the Polynesian word "tapa", has been produced from the inner bark of various species of trees of the genera Broussonetia R. (paper-mulberry), Artocarous (breadfruit), and Ficus (fig species) (6). While examples of each of these types are well documented, the... 

Often used in concert with mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy remains an invaluable structural diagnostic tool of particular importance to tricyclic natural products chemistry. For example, the tricyclic phenolic compound moracin P (3) was one of eight previously known compounds identified together with two new isoprenoid-substituted flavanones in isolates of the root bark of mulberry trees <89H(29)807>. In a series of studies of 6-7-5 tricyclic natural products, ID and 2D H and l3C NMR spectroscopy were employed extensively in the structure determination of sesquiterpene lactones (4)—(8) found among the aerial natural products of toxic plants (85P1378,90P551, 90P3875). 

Tussah or wild silk is obtained from caterpillars that are not cultivated, living naturally on mulberry, cherry, or oak trees. The cocoons are gathered by and processed by hand, resulting in an uneven and irregular product. Tussah is tan or brownish, depending on where the caterpillar had been living and what it had been eating. Tussah is often mixed with other fibers to produce hybrid fabrics. 

Silk is a continuous protein niament spun by the silkworm to form its cocoon. The principle species used in commercial production is the mulberry silkworm, which is the larva of the silk moth, Bombyx mori. It belongs to the order Lepidoptera. 

As described above, the stereochemistries of the mulberry Diels-Alder type adducts could be divided into the following two groups one is an all-trans in relative configuration and the other is a cis-trans configuration. All-trans type adduct may correspond to an exo-addition product in the Diels-Alder reaction of a chalcone and a dehydroprenylphenol, whereas a cis-trans type adduct corresponds to an endo-addition product in the reaction. 

As described in section 2, some cell strains of Moras alba callus tissues induced from the seedlings or the leaves have a high productivity of the mulberry Diels-Alder type adducts. The yields of major adducts chalcomoracin (21) and kuwanon J (11) by the cell strains are about 100 - 1000 times more than those of the intact plant [32]. The biosynthesis of the mulberry Diels-Alder type adducts has been studied with the aid of the excellent cell strains. 

The mulberry plant was venerated because it was the food upon which silkworms fed, and silk was one of China s most important products. But silk was very expensive and only the very wealthy could afford silken fabric. For the vast millions of less fortunate, cheaper material had to be found. Such material was typically hemp. 

Evidently, the idea was there but the material was lacking then to perform successfully the process of fiber spinning. But when Henri Braconnot in 1832 and Christian Friedrich Schoenbein in 1846 discovered how to make cellulose nitrate, the time for the "spark" had arrived. British Patent 283, issued in 1855, disclosed the treating of bast fibers from mulberry twigs with nitric acid, dissolving the product in a mixture of alcohol and ether together with rubber, and from this viscous mass drawing fibers with a steel needle after these fibers solidified in air, they were wound on a spool. 

From the mulberry tree a large number of 2-arylbenzofurans (e.g. dimoracin), typical products of oxidative phenolic coupling, have been isolated. The sequence of events with dibenzofurans (C-C or 0-C coupling first) is less clear (Scheme 21). 

The activity of the ingredients may be different. When iodophors and alcohol are tested after topical application (handwashing and prep testing), the initial reduction is approximately 2 log. Depending on product, application and protocol, the results may vary 0.5 log [57-61 G. Mulberry, Hilltop Biolabs, personal communication]. Alcohol can be more complicated. Many European countries use alcohol for handwashing and propping. 

In assays to assess the immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide isolated from white mulberry root bark, the compound was found to enhance proliferation of splenic lymphocytes in a synergistic manner in the presence of mitogens. However, the compound suppressed primary IgM antibody production from B cells, which was activated with lipopolysaccharide, a polyclonal activator, or immunized with a T-cell-dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells (Kim et al. 2000). 

The first artificial silk was probably prepared by a Swiss chemist, Georges Audemars, in 1855. Audemars mixed the pulp of mulberry bark (chosen likely because silkworms eat mulberry leaves) and a rubber gum and used a needle to pull out long fibers of material. This was a rather labor-intensive and difficult process and could not be done in any economic way. Some accounts also claim that Audemars drew fibers of nitrocellulose (the product of mixing nitric acid with cellulose) in addition to being a delicate process, the resulting fibers of nitrocellulose were highly flammable. 

Over 90% of commercially produced silk is by the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori. This is a monophagous insect with a diet that is restricted to the leaves of white mulberries, Moms alba and Moms indica. The production of silk requires the maintenance of mulberry plantations (moriculture), the rearing of silkworms to the cocoon spinning stage (sericulture) and finally the unravelling of cocoons (reeling). Each subsection of the production will be outlined below. 

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