Vapour inhalation

Ballantyne, B., D.E. Dodd, I.M. Pritts, D.J. Nachreiner, and E.H. Fowler. 1989. Acute vapour inhalation toxicity of acrolein and its influence as a trace contaminant in 2-methyoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran. Human Toxicol. 8 229-235. 

LuneU E, Molander L, Ekberg K, Wahren J (2000) Site of nicotine absorption from a vapour inhaler-comparison with cigarette smoking. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 55(10) 737-741 MacDougaU JM, Fandrick K, Zhang X, Serafln SV, Cashman JR (2003) Inhibition of human liver microsomal (S)-nicotine oxidation by (—)-menthol and analogues. Chem Res Toxicol 16(8) 988-993... 

LuneU E, Molander L, Andersson SB (1997) Temperature dependency of the release and bioavaU-ability of nicotine from a nicotine vapour inhaler in vitro/ in vivo correlation. Eur J Pharmacol 52 495-500... 

Iodine is a violet-black crystalline substance. Iodine vapour irritates the respiratory tracts and the mucous membrane. If poisoned by iodine vapour, inhale vapour of a 2% aqueous solution of ammonia. 

Vapour inhalation values are intended for use in classification of acute toxicity for all sectors. It is also recognized that the saturated vapour concentration of a chemical is used by the transport sector as an additional element in classifying chemicals for packing groups. 

Fasey, Headrick, Silk and Sundquist (1987). Acute, 9-day, and 13-week vapour inhalation studies on Globalene Hazexyl Systemol. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 

Lunell E, Molander L, Leischow SJ, Fagerstrom KO. Effect of nicotine vapour inhalation on the relief of tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995 48(3-4) 235 0. 

Gold N Self-intoxication by petrol vapour inhalation. Med J Aust 2 582-584, 1963 Goodheart RS, Dunne JW Petrol sniffer s encephalopathy. Med J Aust 160 178-181, 1994... 

Gases may be liquefied, pressurised, volatile, inert, i.e. vapours, inhalations, aerosols. 

Actions and Uses. — In excessive doses, whether the liquid be swallowed or the vapour inhaled, narcotic poison in medicinal doses, stimulant and antispasmodic breathed in admixture with air, ansesthetic. 

Many of the early toxicity studies focussed on vapour exposure, as this was the most relevant route in a military operational context, and considered either vapour inhalation or the effects of vapour on the eyes. Sarin in vapour form is absorbed very rapidly through the lungs and eyes, and there is a very small difference in the doses that produce mild systemic effects and those that are lethal. For inhalation toxicity studies, the challenge dose is usually expressed as the Ct, or concentration (C)-time (t) product. The measure of toxicity is the LCtjo [the product of the vapour concentration (in mg m ) and the duration of exposure (in minutes) that will result in the lethality of 50% of the exposed population]. 

CAUTION. The vapour of selenium dioxide is poisonous, and all operations involving the hot material, alone or in solution, should be performed in a fume-cupboard. If lumps of selenium dioxide have to be powdered in a mortar, the latter should also be in a fume-cupboard, with the window lowered as far as possible, to avoid inhaling the fine dust. (cf. p. 191)... 

Dimethyl sulphate is poisonous, both when the hot vapour is inhaled and even when the cold liquid is spilt on the hands, and considerable care should be eyercised in its use cf. pp. 215, 218, 526). 

Great care should be taken to keep dichlorophenylarsine, alone or in solution, from the hands if this precaution is observed, the cold liquid is easily and safely handled. The vapour from the hot liquid, or a fine spray of liquid itself, is poisonous if inhaled these conditions should not however arise in the above experiment. 

Both bromides have skjn-irritant and lachrymatory properties therefore keep the crystals or their solutions from the skin and avoid inhaling the vapour of hot solutions, or of mixtures in hot water. 

To counteraa chlorine or bromine fumes if inhaled in only small amounts, inhale ammonia vapour. Afterwards suck eucalyptus pastilles, or drink warm dilute peppermint or cinnamon essence, to soothe the throat and lungs. 

Other mixtures which may be employed are carbon tetrachloride (b.p. 77°) and toluene (b.p. 110-111°) chloroform (b.p. 61°) and toluene methyl alcohol (b.p. 65°) and water (b.p. 100°). The last example is of interest because almost pure methyl alcohol may be isolated no constant boiling point mixture (or azeotropic mixture) is formed (compare ethyl alcohol and water, Sections 1,4 and 1,5). Attention is directed to the poisonous character of methyl alcohol the vapour should therefore not be inhaled. 

CAUTION. Bromine must be handled with great care and in the fume cupboard. The liquid produces painful bums and the vapour is unpleasant. Bromine bums should be treated immediately with a liberal quantity of glycerine. If the vapour is inhaled, relief may be obtained by soaking a handkerchief in alcohol and holding it near the nose. 

CAUTION Alkyl fluorides are said to he highly toxic. Great care should be taken not to inhale the vapours. 

Care must be exercised in handling n-amyl and the other alkyl nitrites inhalation of the vapour may cause severe headache and heart excitation. The preparation must therefore be conducted in an efficient fume cupboard. 

CAUTION, Doth the vapour and the liquid dimethyl sulphate are highly poisonous. Inhalation of the vapour may lead to giddiness and even to more serious results. The cold liquid is easily absorbed through the skin, with toxic results. If the dimethyl sulphate is accidentally splashed upon the hands, wash immediately... 

Phosgene [75-44-5] M 98.9, b 8.2 /756mm. Dried with Linde 4A molecular sieves, degassed and distilled under vacuum. This should be done in a closed system such as a vacuum line. HIGHLY TOXIC, should not be inhaled. If it is inhaled operator should lie still and made to breath ammonia vapour which reacts with phosgene to give urea. 

The toxicity of a substance is its capacity to cause injury once inside the body. The main modes of entry into the body by chemicals in industry are inhalation, ingestion and absorption through the skin. Gases, vapours, mists, dusts, fumes and aerosols can be inhaled and they can also affect the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Ingestion is rare although possible as a result of poor personal hygiene, subconscious hand-to-mouth contact, or accidents. The skin can be affected directly by contact with the chemicals, even when intact, but its permeability to certain substances also offers a route into the body. Chemicals accorded a skin notation in the list of Occupational Exposure Limits (see Table 5.12) are listed in Table 5.2. Exposure may also arise via skin lesions. 

For most ehemieals, inhalation is the main route of entry into the body. Penetration via damaged skin (e.g. euts, abrasions) should, however, be avoided. Certain ehemieals (e.g. phenol, aniline, eertain pestieides) ean penetrate intaet skin and so beeome absorbed into the body. This may oeeur through loeal eontamination, e.g. from a liquid splash, or through exposure to high vapour eoneentrations. Speeial preeautions to avoid skin eontaet are required with these ehemieals and potential exposure via skin absorption has to be taken into aeeount when assessing the adequaey of eontrol measures. 

Industrial painters may suffer adverse health effects from over exposure to paint by skin contact or accidental ingestion, from excessive inhalation of paint aerosol, solvent vapour, or of dust in the case of electrostatically-applied powder coatings (e.g. polyesters containing triglycidyl isocyanurate), or from exposure to thermal degradation products from heated paint or plastic coatings (Table 5.48). 

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