Motor fuel production

The German motor-fuel production must now be developed with the utmost speed and brought to. . . completion within eighteen months. This task must be handled and executed with the same determinate as the waging of war. 

Among the synthetic fuels, only Diesel motor-fuel production would not be accelerated. Already the 2,000,000 tons a year were enough Diesel oil for total war. 

Bozbas K (2008) Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel production and policies in the European Union. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12 542-552... 

Knowledge of their qu nt ty tjieir distribution by number of carbon atoms is Indispensable for the evaluation of low temperature behavior of diesel motor fuels as well as the production and transport characteristics of paraffinic crudes. 

In this chapter, we will discuss petroleum products used for energy purposes, that is, motor fuels and heating fuels. Chapter 6 will be devoted to other products such as special gasolines, lubricants, petrochemical bases, and asphalts. 

First of all, a technical clarification is necessary in the wider sense, motor fuels are chemical compounds, liquid or gas, which are burned in the presence of air to enable thermal engines to run gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels. The term heating fuel is reserved for the production of heat energy in boilers, furnaces, power plants, etc. 

It is useful to specify at the start the principal quality criteria for each type of product (motor fuels, heating fuels), imposed by the requirements for the different kinds of energy converters motors, turbines, burners. 

In the standard method, the metal enclosure (called the air chamber) used to hold the hydrocarbon vapors is immersed in water before the test, then drained but not dried. This mode of operation, often designated as the wet bomb" is stipulated for all materials that are exclusively petroleum. But if the fuels contain alcohols or other organic products soluble in water, the apparatus must be dried in order that the vapors are not absorbed by the water on the walls. This technique is called the dry bomb" it results in RVP values higher by about 100 mbar for some oxygenated motor fuels. When examining the numerical results, it is thus important to know the technique employed. In any case, the dry bomb method is preferred. 

The base products, TEL and TML, are liquids having boiling points of 205° and 110° respectively. The contents of additives used are usually expressed in grams of lead per liter of fuel in the past they have reached 0.85 g Pb/1. These concentrations are still found in some of the countries of Africa. Elsewhere, when part or all of the motor fuel pool contains lead, the concentrations are much smaller. Thus in Western Europe they no longer exceed 0.15 g Pb/1. 

In the past, reducing the sulfur content was mainly concerned with the heaviest products, most particularly the fuel oils. This development is explained by a legitimate concern to reduce SO2 emissions, notably in areas around large population centers. This is how low sulfur heavy fuels —having a maximum of 2% sulfur— and very low sulfur ( % sulfur) came into being. Currently the whole range of petroleum products, particularly motor fuels, should be strongly desulfurized for reasons we will explain hereafter. 

Product Characteristics Commercial butane Commercial propane LPG motor fuel (from NF EN 589) (see AFNOR document M 40-003)... 

If one talks henceforth about the necessity of matching an engine and its fuel, the demand for quality in motor fuels has, however, never ceased to be a preoccupation for refiners ever since gasoline became a commodity item. Two main classes of products are added to gasoline coming from refining octane number improvers and detergents. 

Heavy residue conversion is linked to the demand for high quality diesel motor fuel (aromatics content 10%, cetane number 55) as well as to the demand for production of light fuel-oil having very low sulfur, nitrogen and metal contents. 

Hydrocracking is a major process for the production of diesel motor fuel catalytic cracking is its counterpart for the gasoline production. 

As a whole, a given crude is generally used to make products most of which have positive added values. This is particularly the case for motor fuels and specialty products. However, some of the products could have negative added values, as in the case of unavoidable products like heavy fuels and certain petroleum cokes. 

The term feedstock in this article refers not only to coal, but also to products and coproducts of coal conversion processes used to meet the raw material needs of the chemical industry. This definition distinguishes between use of coal-derived products for fuels and for chemicals, but this distinction is somewhat arbitrary because the products involved in fuel and chemical appHcations are often identical or related by simple transformations. For example, methanol has been widely promoted and used as a component of motor fuel, but it is also used heavily in the chemical industry. Frequendy, some or all of the chemical products of a coal conversion process are not isolated but used as process fuel. This practice is common in the many coke plants that are now burning coal tar and naphtha in the ovens. 

Low Temperature Carbonization. Low temperature carbonization, when the process does not exceed 700°C, was mainly developed as a process to supply town gas for lighting purposes as well as to provide a smokeless (devolatilized) soHd fuel for domestic consumption (30). However, the process by-products (tars) were also found to be valuable insofar as they served as feedstocks (qv) for an emerging chemical industry and were also converted to gasolines, heating oils, and lubricants (see Gasoline and OTHER motor fuels Lubrication and lubricants) (31). 

AH motor fuel in the United States is manufactured by private companies. Many of these are vertically integrated. That is, the same company finds the cmde oil or buys it from a producing government, refines it into finished products, and then sells to independent retailers who specialize in that company s blended products or sells at company operated service stations. There are also a significant number of companies that participate in only some aspects of the business cycle such as refining or marketing. 

Eour groups are involved in the production or use of motor fuels in the United States (/) manufacturers of the vehicles (2) manufacturers and/or marketers of the fuels (J) purchasers and users of fuels and vehicles and (4) federal, state, and local regulatory agencies (qv). Each has a different role. 

Mixtures of CO—H2 produced from hydrocarbons, as shown in the first two of these reactions, ate called synthesis gas. Synthesis gas is a commercial intermediate from which a wide variety of chemicals are produced. A principal, and frequendy the only source of hydrogen used in refineries is a by-product of the catalytic reforming process for making octane-contributing components for gasoline (see Gasoline and OTHER MOTOR fuels), eg. 

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