Special gasolines

In this chapter, we will discuss petroleum products used for energy purposes, that is, motor fuels and heating fuels. Chapter 6 will be devoted to other products such as special gasolines, lubricants, petrochemical bases, and asphalts. 

Normal-, normal, standard, -bedingungen, /.pi. normal conditions standard specifications. -benzin, n. a special gasoline free from aromatics, -druck, m. normal pressure standard pressure. 

This technique, of the Arosorb type (Sun Oil), is uneconomic for the treatment of complex cuts from which the paraffins and naphthene are to be eliminated. Hence it has not been generalized. However, to obtain special gasolines with very low aromatics contents, similar processes are sometimes employed. The main value of adsorption emerged through the possibility it offers of separating p-xylene from its isomers in aromatic CB cuts, with high yields (see Section 4,3.3.2). 

Ethanol [64-17-5] (ethyl alcohol) is available as an ethanol-water azeotrope and in anhydrous form. Both forms are supplied completely or partially denatured. Complete denaturation is effected by adding methyl ethyl ketone. Toluene, petroleum ether, and special gasolines are usually used for partial denaturation. 

In the paraffin series, methane, CH, to / -butane, C H q, are gases at ambient conditions. Propane, C Hg, and butanes are sometimes considered in a special category because they can be fiquefied at reasonable pressures. These compounds are commonly referred to as fiquefied petroleum gases (qv) (LPG). The pentanes, to pentadecane [629-62-9], fiquids, commonly called distillates, which include gasoline [8006-61-9], kerosene... 

The first stage of the Stuart oil shale project near Gladstone, AustraUa, 6000 t/d (6600 short tons /d), is scheduled to be constmcted by Southern Pacific Petroleum. Einancial assistance from the AustraUan government, consisting of special depreciation incentives and exemption of gasoline taxes equivalent to about U.S. 1.91/m of cmde shale oil ( 12.00/bbl) has been assured (68). 

Octane number is a measure of a fuel s abiUty to avoid knocking. The octane number of a gasoline is deterrnined in a special single-cylinder engine where various combustion conditions can be controlled. The test engine is adjusted to give trace knock from the fuel to be rated. Various mixtures of isooctane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) and normal heptane are then used to find the ratio of the two reference fuels that produce the same intensity of knock as that by the unknown fuel. 

Stannic Chloride. Stannic chloride is available commercially as anhydrous stannic chloride, SnCl (tin(IV) chloride) stannic chloride pentahydrate, SnCl 5H20 and in proprietary solutions for special appHcations. Anhydrous stannic chloride, a colorless Aiming Hquid, fumes only in moist air, with the subsequent hydrolysis producing finely divided hydrated tin oxide or basic chloride. It is soluble in water, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, kerosene, gasoline, methanol, and many other organic solvents. With water, it forms a number of hydrates, of which the most important is the pentahydrate. Although stannic chloride is an almost perfect electrical insulator, traces of water make it a weak conductor. 

Some efforts were made in the early 1980s to employ isobutyl and -butyl alcohols as octane extenders in gasoline. American Methyl Corporation in 1983, under a special waiver of the 1977 Clean Air Act (24), marketed a gasoline blend called Petrocoal containing methanol and a C-4 alcohol which was principally isobutyl alcohol. About 10,000 t of isobutyl and 5000 t of -butyl alcohol were consumed in this appHcation (10). In 1984, the EPA attempted to rescind this waiver and demand for isobutyl alcohol as a gasoline additive dropped to 136.3 t (10). Ultimately, the waiver was rescinded and no isobutyl or -butyl alcohol has been marketed for gasoline additive end use since 1984. 

Fire or explosion hazards require special motor enclosures. Hazards include combustible gases and vapors such as gasoline dust such as coal, flour, or metals that can explode when suspended in air and fibers such as textile lint. The land of motor enclosure used depends on the type of hazard, the type and size of motor, and the probability of a hazardous condition occurring. Some available enclosures are explosionproof motors, which can withstand an internal explosion force-ventilated motors cooled with air from a safe location and totallv enclosed motors cooled bv air-to-water heat exchangers and pressurized with safe air, instrument air, or inert gas,... 

Reformulated Gasoline specially refined gasoline with low levels of smogforming volatile organic compounds and low levels of hazardous air pollutants. 

Leaking underground storage tank trust fund excise tax 0.2 Motororboat gasoline and special fuels excise taxes 0.2 Black lung trust fund coal excise tax 0.6... 

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