Monkeypox virus

Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS, Soejarto DD, Guo Z. (1985) Can variola-like viruses be derived from monkeypox virus An investigation based on DNA mapping. Bull WHO 63 695-981. 

Karupiah Yes, I think so. In a secondary infection CTLs are not needed, just antibody. In the mousepox model we have done this with a whole range of knockouts as well as depletion of leukocyte subsets. Another group has done this with the monkeypox virus model using monkeys. 

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Variola (smallpox) and monkeypox viruses... 

Using the published sequence of variola and its significant homology with other Orthopoxviruses, a malevolent laboratory could theoretically engineer a recombinant virus exhibiting variola virus s virulence by starting with monkeypox virus. 

A naturally occurring relative of variola, monkeypox virus, is found in Africa, and the disease it causes, monkeypox, is clinically indistinguishable from smallpox, with the exception of notable enlargement of cervical and inguinal lymph nodes. The disease occurs mostly in monkeys from the tropical rain forests of central Africa, with sporadic transmission to humans. Some evidence supports the role of squirrels as the principal animal reservoir of the virus.48 Over a span of 3 years, 331 cases of monkeypox disease in a population of 5 million have been reported.49 Under natural conditions, the virus is transmitted by direct contact with an infected individual, fomites, and, occasionally by aerosol. 

Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Manbu-ma-Disu, et al. The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission. Trop Geogr Med. 1987 39 115-122. 

Fine PEM, Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon J. The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol. 1988 17(3) 643-650. 

Antiviral HIV-1, Influenza virus, herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus, monkeypox virus Antifungal Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida species Antibacterial E. coii. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antiviral HIV-1, influenza virus... 

Nalca A, Livingston VA, Garza NL et al (2010) Experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with aerosolized monkeypox virus. PLoS One 5(el) 2880 Pardridge WM (2012) Drug transport across the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32 1959-1972... 

Yes. Vaccinia vaccine is recommended for laboratory workers who directly handle cultures, animals contaminated or infected with, nonhighly attenuated vaccinia virus, recombinant vaccinia viruses derived from nonhighly attenuated vaccinia strains, or other orthopoxviruses that infect humans. These would include monkeypox, cowpox, vaccinia, and variola. Other health-care workers, such as physicians and nurses whose contact with nonhighly attenuated vaccinia viruses is limited to contaminated materials such as medical dressings but who adhere to appropriate infection control measures, are at lower risk for accidental infection than laboratory workers. However, because a theoretical risk for infection exists, vaccination can be offered to this group. Vaccination is not recommended for people who do not directly handle nonhighly attenuated virus cultures or materials or who do not work with animals contaminated or infected with these viruses. 

Smallpox, a DNA virus, is a member of the genus orthopoxvirus, like monkeypox, vaccinia, or cowpox. It contains a large, complex viral genome and is the only... 

Re-emerging or re-surgtng—infections that existed previously but are increasing in incidence or geographic range, such as the spread of West Nile virus and monkeypox to North America. 

Variola, the virus that causes smallpox, is a DNA virus. Like several similar viruses, monkeypox, vaccinia and cowpox, variola is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. Although all of these viruses can cause infections and cutaneous... 

A. Characteristics. The smallpox virus is an orthopoxvirus with a narrow host range confined to humans. Eradication of the natural disease was completed in 1977. Appearance of human cases would signal use of the virus as a biological weapon. Under natural conditions, the virus is transmitted by direct contact with an infected case, by fomites, and occasionally by aerosols. Smallpox virus is highly stable and retains infectivity for long periods outside of the host. A related virus, monkeypox, clinically resembles smallpox and causes sporadic human disease in West and Central Africa. The incubation period is typically 12 days (range, 10-17 days). 

None of the above laboratory tests are capable of discriminating smallpox from vaccinia, monkeypox, or cowpox. Classically, this differentiation required isolation of the virus and characterization of its growth on chorioallantoic membrane. Pocks produced by smallpox are small and grayish white,... 

Huggins JW, Marteniz MJ, Zaucha GM, Jahrling PB, Smee D, Bray, M. 1998. The DNA Polymerase Inhibitor Cidofovir (HPMC, Vistide) is a Potential Antiviral Therapeutic Agent for the Treatment Of Monkeypox And Other Orthopox Virus Infections. Presented at the XII International Poxvirus Symposium, St Thomas, VI, June 6-10. 

Gileva IP, Nepomnyashchikh TS, Antonets DV et al. Properties of the recombinant TNF-binding proteins from variola, monkeypox and cowpox viruses are different. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006 1764(11) 1710-1718. 

Persons working in or entering facilities where activities with vaccinia, monkeypox, or cowpox should have documented evidence of vaccination within the preceding 3 years Rabies virus... 

Cowpox Disease caused by the vaccinia virus and characterized by lesions, inflammation of lymph nodes, and fever, virus is used to make vaccine against smallpox and monkeypox. 

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