Geographical range

The example to be described, admittedly one whose chemistry is difficult, is, nonetheless, typical of the approach. In the case of Icacinaceae, Kaplan et al. (1991) studied the increase in complexity of terpenoid compounds of selected members of the family as a function of where, in the geographic range of the family, the various genera occur. Although the work was set in a taxonomic context—using chemical features to assess the proper placement of the family—our interest lies in the chemical changes that appear to be associated with geography. 

Figure 14.21 Data from the simulated burial experiment superimposed on a plot of reference animal fatty acid 8D values, showing how any change in 8D value caused by burial is not significant compared with natural variations in 8D values of animal fatty acids. Data from the burial experiment is blue, except for the raw lamb which is red. Reference animal fatty acid 8D values are green and correspond to a wide range of terrestrial and marine species drawn from a wide geographical range (see colour Plate 2)...

Geographical range Very wide Very Umited... 

By increasing the geographical range of any valued NP producing species, the monopoly enjoyed by the original producers, more particularly the traders who controlled the routes between growers and the consumers, was eroded. 

The geographical range of Q. robur includes essentially all of that of Q. sessilis but extends further north in Scandinavia, much further east into Russia (to the Urals), and further south in Turkey, Soviet Georgia, and Portugal (31, 39). They are found together over the rest of Europe from the British Isles to beyond Warsaw and nearly to Odessa, and from Scandinavia to the Balkans, Italy, and northern Spain (31, 39). Since... 

Table 3.1. Genotypes/strains of Echinococcus granulosus categorized by DNA analysis with their host and geographical range. (Modified from McManus and Thompson, 2003a.)...

The Caribbean transects data shown by Saltzman and Cooper ( ) was obtained in oceanic air with easterly winds which should be representative of the subtropical/tropical Atlantic Ocean. On this cruise two filters were used in series, and correction was made for the OCS artifact 130). The resultant data showed H2S concentrations averaging less than 10 ppt with a slight daytime minimum, as expected for a species such as HiS which should be removed predominantly by photochemically produced OH. The maximum/minimum concentration ratio is 1.7, which is similar to that observed for DMS on the same cruise. However, it should be noted that this diurnal variation is only a few ppt, which is close to the precision of the method. We wish to stress that considerably more data is needed to verify this observation, as the data used are compiled from measurements over a considerable geographic range and because the variations involved are small. 

Taylor, B. (1969). Geographical range and circadian rhythms. Nature 222, 296-297. Tolbert L. and Hildebrand J. (1981) Organization and synaptic ultrastructure of glomeruli in the antennal lobes of the moth Manduca sexta a study using thin sections and freeze-structure. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser B 213, 279-301. 

Parmesan, C., N. Ryrholm, C. Stefanescu, J.K. Hill, C.D. Thomas, H. Descimon, B. Huntley, L. Kaila, J. Kullberg, T. Tammaru, W.J. Tennent, J.A. Thomas, and M. Warren (1999). Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399 579-583. 

Order Examples Genera Species % of all mammal species Geographic range ... 

Three examples with focus on the vertical flux attenuation or geographical range are provided below. First we give a specific example on loss rates and the relative contribution of P. pouchetii to POC export in fjords. Second, the relative ratio of P. pouchetii cell carbon to diatom carbon is compared suspended and in the contemporary vertical export at 40 and 100 m depth, to point to the higher vertical flux attenuation of P. pouchetii compared to diatoms. As a third example, available published and own data quantifying the contribution of Phaeocystis spp. cells to vertical... 

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