Monitors/monitoring purpose

The specific results of well over 1 year of continued monitoring will be discussed in a second paper. It is pointed out here that the AEBIL monitoring system installed in the power plant for the above monitoring purposes has efficiently and continuedly performed during this time interval, with no instrumentation reliability problems. 

Contrast Sensitivity For monitoring purposes, a step wedge is to be used that consists of the same material as the workpiece. In addition, IQIs according to EN 462-1 or EN 462-2 - DIN wire penetrameters or step-hole IQIs - can be applied to ensure a comparability with radiography. 

Bed Expansion and Bed Density. Bed density can readily be deterrnined for an operating unit by measuring the pressure differential between two elevations within the bed. This is a highly useful measurement for control and monitoring purposes. 

The running speed of electric motors, both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC), varies. Therefore, for monitoring purposes, these motors should be classified as variable-speed machines. A narrowband window should be established to track the true running speed. 

Commission Directive 96/46/EC of 16 July 1996, amending Annex II to the Directive 91/414/EEC, is the basis for the assessment of residue analytical methods for crops, food, feed, and environmental samples." Provisions of this Directive cover methods required for post-registration control and monitoring purposes but not data generation methods. Because it is necessary to provide applicants as precisely as possible with details on the required information, the guidance document S ANCO/825/00 rev. 6 dated 20 June 2000 (formerly 8064/VI/97 rev. 4, dated 5 December 1998)" was elaborated by the Commission Services in cooperation with the Member States. 

Validation may mean different things to different people, depending on the context and the application of analytical science. For food control and monitoring purposes, it is generally expected that validation includes the establishment of performance characteristics and evidence that the method fits the respective purpose. ... 

The analytical methods for post-registration control and monitoring purposes submitted by industry to the authorization bodies help the enforcement laboratories. Data requirements from the authorization procedures are constantly compared with the needs of enforcement laboratories, in order to supply them with relevant data, and to avoid the generation of superfluous information. 

Sample size may influence the analytical approach, e.g. 0.1 L of milk is easily obtained and extracted, but 10 mL of blood should be sufficient for monitoring purposes, and 5 g of fat is already the upper limit for an efficient fat cleanup by partition or gel permeation chromatography (GPC). 

Validation of analytical methods for post-registration control and monitoring purposes in the European Union... 

Until 1991, manufacturers seeking authorizations for pesticides had to fulfil country-specific requirements of validation of enforcement methods. The term enforcement method means analytical methods which are developed for post-registration control and monitoring purposes. The harmonization of these requirements was initiated with the European Economic Community (EEC) Council Directive 91/414/EEC and temporarily finalized with the Guidance Document on Residue Analytical Methods SANCO/825/00 rev. 6, dated 20 June 2000 [Santd et Protection des Consommateurs (SANCO)]. The evaluation of validation studies by the competent authority is conducted by comparison of these European Union (EU) requirements with the study results and most often without any practical experience of the method. Some details of this evaluation are discussed below. 

Occasionally, an additional derivatization step would allow the application of a multi-residue approach. Provided that this derivatization can be done after the standard cleanup, applicants are invited to present those methods. In most cases, for monitoring purposes a supplementary derivatization will be much simpler than a completely separate single-residue method. 

Finally, to avoid the parallel use of similar but not identical method validation studies to fulfil the registration requirements, e.g., of the EU, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or Japanese authorities, an adaptation of different data requirements for residue analytical methods for post-registration control and monitoring purposes would help to save resources. 

A plefhora of methods developed for the determination of triazine compounds in water, soil, crops, biological fluids, etc., have been reported in the literature, and several excellent reviews are available for the interested reader. " More method papers are published on the determination of triazines in water than for all other sample matrices combined (water > soil > crop). The majority of the water method reports relate to the determination of parent triazine compounds plus compounds from one or more other chemical classes of pesticides (e.g., phenoxy acids, carbamates, pheny-lureas, acetanilides, acetamides, organophosphorus compounds, etc.) for generalized multi-residue screening or monitoring purposes. Addressed in other more selective... 

Risk assessment constitutes a cornerstone for the control of chemicals for both scientific and management purposes. Environmental risk management deals with regulatory measures based on risk assessment [3], Strategies such as the prioritization of chemicals represent a useful tool to optimize efforts for both regulatory and monitoring purposes [4, 5]. 

The effect of surface electrostatic charge on a material on the attachment of the decay products of radon has been known since pioneering work on atomic structure by Rutherford. Extensive research into this area for the radon and thoron progeny has been conducted in this laboratory for environmental monitoring purposes. Several authors have reported on the effect of electrostatic charge on the collecting characteristics of copper for the radon progeny for exploration purposes (Card and Bell, 1979). 

Cerenkov radiation accounts for a very minor part of the energy loss of fast electrons. Its main importance is for monitoring purposes and establishment of a reference time, since it is produced almost instantaneously with the passage of the particle. Katsumura et al. (1985) have observed a very fast rise of solute fluorescence attributable to the Cerenkov effect the G value for this process is estimated to be -0.02. 

Third, continued periodic monitoring of fishery and wildlife resources is important, especially in areas with potential for reservoir development, in light of the hypothesis that increased flooding increases the availability of mercury to biota. The use of museum collections for mercury analysis is strongly recommended for monitoring purposes. For example, the Environmental Specimen Bank at the Swedish Museum of Natural History constitutes a base for ecotoxicological research and for spatial and trend monitoring of mercury and other contaminants in Swedish fauna (Odsjo et al. 1997). 

To optimize chemotherapy administration, the clinician must identify, monitor, treat, and prevent or minimize treatment-related toxicity. Pertinent laboratory data and other procedures should be reviewed to establish a baseline for monitoring purposes. Major organ and system toxicities to be monitored include hematologic, neurologic, skin, pulmonary, GI, renal, and cardiac. 

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