Monitoring pollution plants

Non Rare Earth SATs. Several candidates that meet these criteria have been found, and some of their applications are discussed by Kruger (5). Krugers discussion also contains an excellent accoimt of the early history of this field. In a series of experiments at the Pennsylvania State University, Jester and coworkers (6,7) have used Br" and I" to mimic the movement of soluble species in natural waters. In-EDTA complexes have been used by Behrens et al. (8) to monitor groundwater movement, while Dahl (9) has shown that In(N03)2 could be used to trace water stream patterns and pollutant dispersal in and around the harbor of a Norwegian town. Indium and scandium were used as stable activable tracers for monitoring in-plant movements of water in waste water treatment plants by Craft and Eicholz (10). The entire subject of industrial uses of activable tracers has been reviewed recently by Van Dalen and Wijkstra (II). 

Pines. Calorimetric studies of growth rates and temperature responses have not been employed to examine pine trees. Two studies were conducted to analyze effects of air pollutants on the respiration properties of Ponderosa and Jeffrey pine needles. Bower [104] used one-cm needle segments and demonstrated a correlation between the extent of ozone damage, measured as the number of lesions on the needles, and isothermal metabolic heat rates. He also measured increases in metabolic heat rates resulting from acid and nitrate deposition on the needles. Momen et al. [105] conducted a more controlled study of acid rain and ozone effects on Ponderosa pine with defined applications to plantation grown plants. In seedlings, metabolic heat rates increased in response to ozone and combinations of ozone and acid rain. Mature tree metabolic activities showed no response to ozone, acid, or combinations of the two. No studies were made to determine whether metabolic efficiencies were altered by these treatments. Thus the results show that calorimetry can be used to monitor pollutant effects on trees, but more definitive experiments must be done to identify how the ob.served responses relate to growth and survival of the trees. 

Environmental engineers are concerned with solid waste management, air and water pollution, and control of pesticides and radiological hazards. They design and oversee the operation of water treatment and sewage treatment plants and measure and monitor pollutants in the air, on land, and in lakes and streams. 

The short-term exposure of humans, animals, and plants to gaseous pollutants is more severe than that for pollutants in other matrices. Since the composition of atmospheric gases can show a substantial variation over a time, the continuous monitoring of atmospheric gases such as O3, CO, SO2, NH3, H2O2, and NO2 by in situ sampling is important. 

Cement plants in the United States are now carehiUy monitored for compliance with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for emissions of particulates, SO, NO, and hydrocarbons. AH plants incorporate particulate collection devices such as baghouses and electrostatic precipitators (see Air POLLUTION CONTROL methods). The particulates removed from stack emissions are called cement kiln dust (CKD). It has been shown that CKD is characterized by low concentrations of metals which leach from the CKD at levels far below regulatory limits (63,64). Environmental issues continue to be of concern as the use of waste fuel in cement kilns becomes more widespread. 

The monitoring of pollutant concentration or mass flow of pollutants is of interest to both plant owners and control agencies. Industry uses such measurements to keep a record of process operations and emissions for its own use and to meet regulatory requirements. Control officials use the... 

Fatal accident rate Lost-time injury rate Capital cost of accidents Number of plant/community evacuations Cost of business interruption Cost of workers compensation claims Number of hazardous material spills (in excess of a threshold) Tonnage of hazardous material spilled Tonnage of air, water, liquid and solid effluent Tonnage of polluting materials released into the environment Employee exposure monitoring Number of work related sickness claims Number of regulatory citations and fines Ecological impact of operations (loss or restoration of biodiversity, species, habitats)... 

The third zone of strong pollution of air, soils, snow and plants in the plains occurs in the 3-5 km area surrounding the pollution source. The pollutant concentrations are lower as a rule by 1-2 orders of magnitude than in the first and second zones. In the mountains the most important is the slope exposition and downward direction of river valleys where the pollution is monitored in water and bottom sediments at distances of 10-15 km (Perelman, Kasimov, 1999). 

Lunev, M. I. (1989). Models of pesticide transformation in realization of monitoring of soils and plants. In Migration of Pollutants in Soil and Other Compartments of the Environment. Obninsk. Gidrometeoizdat, pp. 38 14. 

Hazards prevention can also be a reason for wastewater quality monitoring, in order to protect biological treatment plants from toxic shock loads, for example, or to prevent potential toxic effects on the receiving medium. This application is mainly found in industrial contexts where the presence of toxic pollutants may occur. In this case, on-line systems are obviously preferable for real-time warning. 

Levins P, Adams J, Brenner P, et al. 1979. Sources of toxic pollutants found in influents to sewage treatment plants. VI. Integrated interpresentation. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Analysis Branch, Monitoring and Data Support Division. EPA 440/4-81- 008. NTIS No. PB81-219685. 

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