Similar figures

Where space is not a problem, a linear electron multiplier having separate dynodes to collect and amplify the electron current created each time an ion enters its open end can be used. (See Chapter 28 for details on electron multipliers.) For array detection, the individual electron multipliers must be very small, so they can be packed side by side into as small a space as possible. For this reason, the design of an element of an array is significantly different from that of a standard electron multiplier used for point ion collection, even though its method of working is similar. Figure 29.2a shows an electron multiplier (also known as a Channeltron ) that works without using separate dynodes. It can be used to replace a dynode-type multiplier for point ion collection but, because... 

Depolarization times greater than 48 hours should be allowed when applying the 100-mV criterion. Comparison of measured potentials is only possible where conditions of temperature and moisture are similar. Figure 19-8 shows the dependence on season and temperature which can probably be ascribed to different aeration. In repair work, potential probes should be provided at different places on the object to reduce IR errors in off potential measurements arising from equalizing currents. 

The second problem in the foregoing list exists because the design of expanders for FCC service is a rather specialized field, especially in larger sizes of axial design. Only a handful of manufacturers are fully able to supply such expanders. The designs are generally similar (Figure 4-54) and all appear to offer machines that can reasonably be expected to remain on-stream for periods equal to the extended runs now common on major refiner s FCC units. 

The 434 Cro molecule contains 71 amino acid residues that show 48% sequence identity to the 69 residues that form the N-terminal DNA-binding domain of 434 repressor. It is not surprising, therefore, that their three-dimensional structures are very similar (Figure 8.11). The main difference lies in two extra amino acids at the N-terminus of the Cro molecule. These are not involved in the function of Cro. By choosing the 434 Cro and repressor molecules for his studies, Harrison eliminated the possibility that any gross structural difference of these two molecules can account for their different DNA-binding properties. 

Equations (4.279) and (4.280) are similar. Figure 4.37 shows a two-dimensional boundary layer flow over a plane. Ignoring any chemical reactions and considering steady-state conditions, Eqs. (4.279) and (4.280) give... 

The annual LCOE for wind turbines has decreased dramatically since 1980. At that time, the LCOE was 0.35/kWh. In 1998, wind power plant projects were bid from 0.03kWli to 0.06/kWli. These numbers still exceed similar figures of merit... 

The inverse relationship between dissolved solids concentration and pressure is illustrated by the figures given for low-pressure boiler waters in Table 17.6. That there is room for different opinions is shown by contrasting the BSS and ASME recommendations. Whilst both of these authorities propose essentially similar figures for feed-water (Table 17.7), some of the ASME boiler-water figures are substantially below their BS equivalents. This is probably due to the increasing trend towards higher heat fluxes than formerly in some low-pressure plant, particularly waste-heat boilers. 

The dichlorocarbene carbon atom is syj- -hybridized, with a vacant p orbital extending above and below the plane of the three atoms and with an unshared pair of elections occupying the third sp2 lobe. Note that this electronic description of dichlorocarbene is similar to that for a carbocation Section 6.9) with respect to both the sp2 hybridization of carbon and the vacant p orbital. Electrostatic potential maps further show this similarity (Figure 7.6). 

Similarly, Figure 6.3.9b depicts the situation in which partial quenching of the flame results from unequal composition of the reactant mixtures issued from the inner and outer tubes, while keeping the mean velocities constant. If the equivalence ratio in the inner tube is excessively leaner or richer to exceed a typically flammable range, it would result in local extinction, thereby exhibiting a hole in the center of the premixed flame. 

The following figure represents one set of initial conditions for the reaction. Draw a similar figure that represents a set of initial conditions for which the rate would be twice as fast as in the first case ... 

Density functional theory (D FT) modeling calculations show that a dinuclear gold(I) amidinate complex is less stable than the tetranuclear gold(I) amidinate cluster, [Au4(HNC(H)NH)4]. However, replacing C by Si in the backbone reduces ring strain and makes the energies similar. Figures 1.21 and 1.22 [39]. 

Fig. 1 Comparison of the experimentally determined geometries of the hydrogen-bonded complex H3N-- -HC1 and its halogen-bonded analogue H3N- C1F (both drawn to scale) with a non-bonding electron-pair (n-pair) model of NH3. Here, and in other figures, the n-pair electron distribution is drawn in the exaggerated style favoured by chemists. The key to the colour coding of atoms used in this and similar figures is also displayed...

The choice of plate type (reverse, single pass or multiple pass) will depend on the liquid flow-rate and column diameter. An initial selection can be made using Figure 11.28, which has been adapted from a similar figure given by Huang and Hodson (1958). 

The amount of energy that may be recovered from liquid streams by using a hydraulic turbine is given in Figure 8-1. Similarly, Figure 8-2 gives the results when expansion turbines are used to recover energy from gas streams. 

Fig. 7.9a shows plots of k values of sample compounds in 45% MeOH against k values in 22% THF. These two sets of plots are very similar. Figure 7.9 indicates that the 2D HPLC based on the difference in selectivity provided by an organic modifier that could be used for 2D HPLC to provide nominally large PC, but the selectivity difference was not quite orthogonal. The practically usable area for the 2D separation will be about half the orthogonal plotting area, because there is some similarity between the selectivities obtained with the two mobile phases. 

In order to interpret the experimental results it is convenient to resort again to Fig. 9 (in which w must be replaced by v ) or use a similar figure (Fig. 13) which shows the curves ev = f(ts ) corresponding to different... 

For further practice and extended lessons on ratio and proportions, refer to Practical Math Success in 20 Minutes a Day, Lesson 12, Ratio and Proportion. In addition, the website www.math.com has helpful mini lessons and further practice problems. Click on Pre-Algebra from the column entitled Select Subject. Then click on any of the following links, under the title Ratios and Proportions Ratios, Proportions, Distance, Rates and Time, or Similar Figures. 

The metabolism of C-DEHP by rainbow trout liver subcell-ular fractions and serum was studied by Melancon and Lech (14). The data in Table VI show that without added NADPH, the major metabolite produced was mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. When NADPH was added to liver homogenates or the mitochondrial or microsomal fractions, two unidentified metabolites more polar than the monoester were produced. Additional studies showed that the metabolism of DEHP by the mitochondrial and the microsomal fractions were very similar (Figure 1). Both fractions show an increased production of metabolites of DEHP resulting from addition of NADPH and the shift from production of monoester to that of more polar metabolites. The reduced accumulation of monoester which accompanied this NADPH mediated production of more polar metabolites may help in interpreting the pathway of DEHP metabolism in trout liver. This decreased accumulation of monoester could be explained either by metabolism of the monoester to more polar metabolites or the shift of DEHP from the hydrolytic route to a different, oxidative pathway. The latter explanation is unlikely because in these experiments less than 20% of the DEHP was metabolized. 

Rejection. The first strategy Is to remove the suspicious datum from the data. Then, the analysis and the conclusions to be drawn are based only on the remaining values. This certainly Is the way to deal with outliers which result from human errors, gross errors of measurement or something similar (Figure lb). 

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