Physical Module cost

L-I-M cost -I- taxes, freight and insurance at 15-25 % FOB cost = physical module cost, PM. 

Some processes (e.g., water and wastewater treatment facilities) include concrete vessels plus traditional pumps, heat exchangers, and mixers. To cost such facilities, it is more realistic to report the sum of the L + M module costs and the delivery, taxes, and duties. We refer to this cost as the physical module (PM) cost. 

For some unit operations the equipment is built of concrete or is a lagoon. For such equipment the reported cost is the Physical Module, PM cost, that represents the FOB plus L-rM plus instruments plus taxes and duties. The cost excludes offsite, home office expense, field expense and contractor s fees and contingencies. Rules of thumb to account for the other cost items are given in Section 1.7. The costs are given in Appendix D. 

The CMU medium energy physics group is in the process of switching from a CAMAC-based data acquisition system to the more powerful FASTBUS standard. The advantages are numerous higher densities for more cost effective modules (typically, FASTBUS modules cost l/4 li their CAMAC counterparts), suppression of invalid data for more efficient data collection, smart crate controllers for better local control of data acquisition, faster read-out, and more. 

This is a development of the above where a fiber-optic linked hqnid sample transmission cell is integrated with the sample fast loop cabinet (Figures 5.24 and 5.25). There can be multiple sample streams, take-offs and fast loops, each with its own separate fiber-optic transmission cell. The analyzer can either be local with short fiber-optic runs to the sampling cabinet(s), or remote, where a safe area location for the analyzer module may be feasible, but at the cost of longer, potentially less stable fiber-optic runs. This system avoids physical stream switching. 

Chemical modulation of the surface conductivity is the principle of operation of some of the most commercially successful chemical sensors, the high temperature semiconducting oxide sensors. They are known by their brand name Figaro sensors. They are discussed in detail in Section 8.2.2.1. The reason for their commercial success lies in the fact that their performance and cost match exactly the specific practical needs of many applications, particularly those of the automotive industry. They have been described in great detail, from the point of view of both the underlying physics and chemistry (Morrison, 1994 Logothetis, 1987). 

Task (4) The ISS is assembled as a single, inseparable container, requiring only one manual service valve, one solenoid, and one thermally activated pressure relief device, all incorporated into a gas control module (see Figure 4). The added cost and complexity of redundant components when using multiple, separable CH2 tanks is avoided by this approach. The gas control system is safeguarded from physical damage with impact absorbing foam... 

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