Mixed butanol

The atom economy for this process is 86.5% (100 X 116/134), which is reasonable. To calculate the E-factor and EMY further information is needed. From published literature (Vogel s Practical Organic Chemistry ), a standard procedure is to mix butanol (37 g) with glacial acetic acid (60 g), and a small amount of sulfuric acid catalyst (ignored in all calculations). Following completion of the reaction the mixture is added to water (250 g). The crude ester is washed further with water (100 g), then saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (25 g) and finally water (25 g). After drying over 5 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate the crude ester is distilled to give product (40 g) in a yield of 69%. 

C) Mixed solvent. A well-shaken mixture of 20 ml. of redistilled w-butanol, 9-5 ml. of water, and 5-5 ml. of 95% ethanol. 

D) Mixed solvent. Add 10 ml. of concentrated aqueous ammonia (t/, o-88o) to 40 ml. of redistilled n-butanol and thoroughly mix to obtain a complete solution. 

If an alternative mixed solvent is required, shake thoroughly a mixture of 20 ml. of distilled water and 40 ml. of the -butanol, then... 

Purified DBO is mixed with the mother Hquor from the oxaUc acid crystaUi2ation, and hydroly2ed at about 80°C into oxaUc acid and / -butanol. The resultant mixture undergoes phase separation oxaUc acid dihydrate is thus crystaUi2ed from the oxaUc acid solution, and C H OH is purified and recycled to the circulating solution. 

Pentanol 2-Methyl- 1-butanol Primary amyl alcohol mixed isomers... 

The principal commercial source of 1-butanol is -butyraldehyde [123-72-8] obtained from the Oxo reaction of propylene. A mixture of n- and isobutyraldehyde [78-84-2] is obtained in this process this mixture is either separated initially and the individual aldehyde isomers hydrogenated, or the mixture of isomeric aldehydes is hydrogenated direcdy and the n- and isobutyl alcohol product mix separated by distillation. Typically, the hydrogenation is carried out in the vapor phase over a heterogeneous catalyst. For example, passing a mixture of n- and isobutyraldehyde with 60 40 H2 N2 over a CuO—ZnO—NiO catalyst at 25—196°C and 0.7 MPa proceeds in 99.95% efficiency to the corresponding alcohols at 98.6% conversion (7,8) (see Butyraldehydes Oxo process). 

Monofunctional aliphatic glycidyl ethers, eg, based on / -butanol or mixed Cg—alcohols, are used exclusively as reactive diluents to reduce viscosities of epoxy resin systems. Some loss of desirable cured properties results from the lowered functionality of the systems. 

The gas approximates plug flow except in wide columns, but the liqiiid undergoes considerable oa mixiug. The latter effect can be reduced with packing or perforated plates. The effect on selectivity may become important. In the oxidation of hquid /i-butane, for instance, the ratio of methyl ethyl ketone to acetic acid is much higher in plug flow than in mixed. Similarly, in the air oxidation of isobutane to tei t-huty hydroperoxide, where te/ t-butanol also is obtained, plug flow is more desirable. 

Further functionalization has been carried out in the mixed benzo-binaphtho crown shown in Eq. (3.55). Using 2-allylcatechol as starting material, the mixed crown was prepared in the usual fashion. The allyl group was isomerized to a propenyl substituent by treatment with potassium f-butoxide in a benzene/f-butanol mixture. Selective ozono-lysis affords the aldehyde. 

Mix 20 ml each of solutions I and II immediately before use and make up to 100 ml with 1-butanol. 

A suspension of lithium aluminum deuteride (80 mg) in dry tetrahydrofuran (6 ml) is stirred and cooled in an ice bath while f-butanol (0.4 ml) is added dropwise, followed by a tetrahydrofuran solution of crude cholest-5-en-3-one (200 mg, mixed with cholest-4-en-3-one). The stirring and cooling is continued for 0.5 hr at 0° and then at room temperature for 2 hr. The... 

The chloranil dehydrogenation of A -3-ketones offers a convenient direct conversion to A -ketones. t-Butanol and xylene are the most suitable solvents. Slightly higher yields have been claimed with mixed organic acid-inert solvent systems, although somewhat lower yields (50-60%) are... 

Preparation of 3-n-Butyiamino-4-Phenoxy-5-Suifamyibenzoic Acid To a suspension of 3-amino-4-phenoxv-5-sulfamylbenzoic acid (10 grams) in n-butanol (200 ml), concentrated sulfuric acid (2 ml) was added while stirring. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux under conditions in which the water formed during the reaction could be removed. IWhen, after dilution with n-butanol, the N MR-spectrum of a sample of the reaction mix-... 

Partial replacement of ethanol by methanol has nearly no effect. In the case of propanol an increase in grafting is visible. This can be attributed to the mixing of higher carbon alcohols, e.g., butanol and isobutanol, with the active solvent methanol, which increases the miscibility of the monomer in these grafting systems and, consequently, increases the penetration of monomer to the active sites on the cellulose chains. 

The standard etch primer (WP-1, DEF-1408) consists of two solutions, one containing polyvinyl butyral resin and zinc tetroxychromate in ethyl alcohol with n-butanol, and the second containing phosphoric acid and ethyl alcohol. It is essential that a small critical amount of water be present in the latter. The two solutions are mixed in appropriate ratio for use the mixture deteriorates and should be discarded when more than 8 h old. Single-pack etch primers of reasonable shelf life are available but contain less phosphoric acid than the above and are not considered to be so effective. 

Most of the biochemical reactions that take place in the body, as well as many organic reactions in the laboratory, yield products with chirality centers. Fo example, acid-catalyzed addition of H2O to 1-butene in the laboratory yield 2-butanol, a chiral alcohol. What is the stereochemistry of this chiral product If a single enantiomer is formed, is it R or 5 If a mixture of enantiomers i formed, how much of each In fact, the 2-butanol produced is a racemic mix ture of R and S enantiomers. Let s see why. 

The procedure employs a readily available starting material and produces the pure trans isomer in high yield. The method described is an improvement on that used by Eliel and Rerick2 in that it is not necessary to use a clear solution of lithium aluminum hydride in ether for the preparation of the mixed hydride. It is not necessary to know the precise amount of lithium aluminum hydride used so long as a slight excess is present. The excess hydride is destroyed by adding /-butanol the excess /-butanol has no effect on the subsequent equilibration and purification. The equilibration of the 4 / butylcyclohexanol is effected by adding a small amount of 4-/-butylcyclohexanone. 

Extraction Frozen krill (85 g) is briefly homogenized with 60% ethanol (220 ml) at about 0°C, and centrifuged. The supernatant is rapidly concentrated under reduced pressure in a 2-liter flask at about 40°C (using a rotary evaporator, a mechanical vacuum pump, and a large condensate trap immersed in dry ice/acetone) to a volume of 15-20 ml. After the addition of 30 ml of cold ethanol, the solution is temporarily stored at —30°C. Materials similarly prepared from 6 batches (510 g krill in total) are combined, centrifuged, and the supernatant is concentrated to 30 ml, and then mixed with 70 ml of ethanol. Compound F in the solution is extracted with 120 ml of n-butanol. 

Alumina chromatography The butanol extract containing F is poured onto a column of alumina (2.6 x 9 cm Woelem basic alumina Grade 1), and F adsorbed is eluted with 50% ethanol containing 0.6% ammonium hydroxide. The fractions containing F are combined (a trace of Tris is added) and concentrated to about 5 ml, and mixed... 

Samples for studies of CDx effects on fluorescence enhancement in organic solution were prepared using pyrene, because pyrene possesses a long lifetime and is very susceptible to quenching and enhancement in solution (23). An aliquot of pyrene stock solution in cyclohexane was placed under a nitrogen purge to evaporate the cyclohexane. Samples were redissolved in a 1 A mixture of Isopropyl ether and 1-butanol, which was saturated with aqueous CDx solution. Pyrene samples were also prepared in which the organic solvent was not saturated with CDx solution. The mixed solvent was used in order to minimize the effects of ether evaporation and thus allow more accurate quantitation. Fluorescence measurements were made on diluted samples of these solutions. The solvent used to make up the... 

DMSO or other sulfoxides react with trimethylchlorosilanes (TCS) 14 or trimefhylsilyl bromide 16, via 789, to give the Sila-Pummerer product 1275. Rearrangement of 789 and further reaction with TCS 14 affords, with elimination of HMDSO 7 and via 1276 and 1277, methanesulfenyl chloride 1278, which is also accessible by chlorination of dimethyldisulfide, by treatment of DMSO with Me2SiCl2 48, with formation of silicon oil 56, or by reaction of DMSO with oxalyl chloride, whereupon CO and CO2 is evolved (cf also Section 8.2.2). On heating equimolar amounts of primary or secondary alcohols with DMSO and TCS 14 in benzene, formaldehyde acetals are formed in 76-96% yield [67]. Thus reaction of -butanol with DMSO and TCS 14 gives, via intermediate 1275 and the mixed acetal 1279, formaldehyde di-n-butyl acetal 1280 in 81% yield and methyl mercaptan (Scheme 8.26). Most importantly, use of DMSO-Dg furnishes acetals in which the 0,0 -methylene group is deuter-ated. Benzyl alcohol, however, affords, under these reaction conditions, 93% diben-zyl ether 1817 and no acetal [67]. 

Direct measurement of adsorptive stripping voltaimnetric peaks using HMDE 0.60 V and accumulation potential of -0.40V Dilution in phosphate buffer and water, analyzed in Vis region Ion pair formation with octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide at pH 5.6, extraction of ion pair into n-butanol Sample solution mixed with 1 M HCl, ethanol and purification on Sephadex DEAE 25 gel, gel beads are filtered off, packed into 1 nun cell and absorbance measured... 

Under aerobic conditions, a mixed bacterial culture was able to degrade the substrate with intermediate formation of tert-butanol (Salanitro et al. 1994). 

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