Miscibility and Compatibility

MA restricts various -C=0 functionalities present in both polymers to a uniform vibrational frequency. Presence of such kinds of interactions results in better miscibility in the blend, as proven by the sharp single peak of aroxmd 1725cm for carbonyl groups (-C=0) in the FT-IR spectra of PLA/PHB/MA. 

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Plasticizers reduce hardness, enhance tack and reduce cost in rubber base adhesive formulations. A plasticizer must be easily miscible and highly compatible with other ingredients in the formulations and with the surfaces to which the adhesive is applied. The compatibility and miscibility of plasticizers can be estimated from the solubility parameter values. Most of plasticizers have solubility parameters ranging between 8.5 and 10.5 hildebrands. However, the high miscibility and compatibility also lead to easier diffusion of the plasticizer to the surface, decreasing the adhesion properties. Therefore, plasticizers should be carefully selected and generally combinations of two or more of them are used. 

Multidimensional HPLC offers very high separation power when compared to monodimensional LC analysis. Thus, it can be applied to the analysis of very complex mixtures. Applications of on-line MD-HPLC have been developed, using various techniques such as heart-cut, on-column concentration or trace enrichment applications in which liquid phases on both columns are miscible and compatible are frequently reported, but the on-line coupling of columns with incompatible mobile phases have also been studied. 

Temporary corrosion preventives are products designed for the short-term protection of metal surfaces. They are easily removable, if necessary, by petroleum solvents or by other means such as wiping or alkaline stripping. Some products for use in internal machine parts are miscible and compatible with the eventual service lubricant, and do not, therefore, need to be removed. 

First, we note that miscibility and compatibility mean the same thing. The former refers generally to liquid systems, whereas, the latter usually designates solid systems. There are two aspects of the question of miscibility Will the two liquids mix (thermodynamics), and how long would this process take (kinetics) The second aspect is important in polymer-polymer and polymer-monomer systems, because of the low diffusivities involved. Thermodynamically, the mixture will be stable if, at temperature T,... 

As one would expect, phase diagrams of the EP + PLC pairs are even more complicated than those of pure PLCs. An example is a detailed diagram of the PCarb + PET/0.6PHB system (29). As already stated in Section 7, the knowledge of the phase diagram tells us about the miscibility and compatibility of the components. 

In post-column derivatization (see also Chapter 15), the HPLC mobile phase must be miscible and compatible with the reaction mixture in the reactor so that it dose not cause precipitation or interfere with the derivatization reaction. The reagent itself must have significant differences in spectral properties from the products. Post-column derivatization reactions are usually rapid, and fluorescent rather than UV-absorbing labels are preferred. 

The most important rosin derivatives used in printing ink formulations are rosin oligomers and their esters, metal resinates, modified phenolic and alkyd resins, ester gums, maleic and fumaric acid adducts and their esters. Practically all types of printing inks can be manufactured with rosin-based components, because they provide good miscibility and compatibility with most film formers and other ink additives. 

In general, pristine MMT contains hydrated Na or ions. Therefore, they are only miscible and compatible with polar polymers. In order to make it compatible with hydrophobic polymers, the interlayer cations are exchanged with quaternary alkylammonium cations through ion-exchange reaction. Ion-exchange reactions can be done with several cationic surfactants including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary alkylammonium or alkylphos-phonium cations. ... 

The properties of a new class of high temperature resistant imide-copolymers are discussed. Some of the most notable characteristics of these clear thermoplastic copolymers are, a very good weatherability, an exceptional stiffness, high heat capabilities and very good electrical, optical and barrier properties. The fact that the imide-copolymers are miscible and compatible with a large number of other polymers, make them prime candidates for alloying and coextrusion. 

As a polyester, PHB can partake in many of the hydrogen-bonding type of specific interactions with other functional additives that lead to partial miscibility and compatibility. For example, the miscibility of polyesters with chlorinated polymers, polyamides, polycarbonates, cellulose derivatives and other functional polymers is well documented,and PHB is no exception to this general observation. However, these interactions are dominated by the tendency to self-crystallize with exclusion of the additive to the amorphous phase. For example, an 80/20 melt compounded and injection-moulded sample of PVC/PHB polyblend appears initially to be exceptionally tough with the PHB acting as a polymeric plasticizer. The presence of the PVC retards but does not stop crystallization of the PHB at room temperature and the material eventually becomes brittle. Under extreme circumstances, the PHB phase can actually achieve almost 100% crystallinity within the blend, as determined by X-ray analysis and DSC. Thus, plasticized formulations and polyblends involving PHB itself are limited to relatively low levels of additive because only the minor amorphous phase of the biopolymer is involved in the interaction. Even so, some plasticizers have been proposed for PHB. ... 

PVC/SAN blends were found to be miscible and not compatible at certain AN compositions. Miscible and compatible PVC/SAN blends with better properties can be prepared at a different AN composition. PC and LDPE can be blended with each other with EPDM as the compatibilizer. LDPP and PC can be blended together, with ABS used as the modifier for the alloy. The impact toughness of PP may be enhanced by rubber modification of PP. Stiffness of blend decreases with increasing filler content. 

What happens when PVC/SAN blends at certain AN compositions are found to be miscible and compatible ... 

The miscibility and compatibility of these polyesters with functional polymers are well documented. ... 

Polyesters based on 1,4-CHDM have been used for miscible and compatible blends and composites in order to achieve a tailored material for specific applications. 

PEG bases can also be combined with various other bases. They are compatible with cetyl alcohol, cetyl stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, 1,2-propylene glycol, glycerol, glycerol monostearate, and PEG sorbitan monooleate. PEGs are not compatible, however, with paraffin wax, petroleum jelly, oleyl oleates, and hydrogenated peanut oil. Eurther details on the miscibility and compatibility of PEGs with other substances are given in Table 5. 

The polymer blends can be further categorized as two types homogeneous and heterogeneous blends. The polymer blend mixtures may appear in either homogeneous or heterogeneous phase on a microscopic scale, but should not exhibit any obvious inhomogeneity on the macroscopic scale [4,6]. The observation of these two different types of blended nature is related solely to the factors of miscibility and compatibility between the interacting component homopolymers. 

Suitable plasticizers have to be inert under the conditions prevailing in a fuel cell. Furthermore, the plasticizers have to be miscible and compatible with the fimctional and reinforcing polymers and be soluble in the same dipolar solvent, for example N,N-dimethyl-formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or dimethylacetamide. 

Remark. It is important to distinguish between miscibility and compatibility the miscibility is a thermodynamic characteristic, whereas the compatibility is a phenomenon affecting a service property. 

FTIR and other analyses confirmed the existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between PBI and PA the carbonyl band shifts from 1741 to 1730 cm in an 80/20 blend. Also, miscibility and compatibility were indicated further by the clarity (visual and microscopic examination) of films prepared from the 80/20 blend TGAs showed blends conforming to the Rule of Mixtures, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that PBI and PA interact and are compatible on a molecular scale blends were found to have physical properties adhering to the Rule of Mixtures values the thermal stability of the blends at 550°C increased proportionately as the relative PBI concentration increased and after blending, the hydrophilicity of the PBI decreased dramatically. Thus, PAs and aromatic PBIs were found to be miscible in all proportions, and synergistic effects of one polymer over the other s weak properties can be achieved. 

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