Miscibility and

Most properties of linear polymers are controlled by two different factors. The chemical constitution of tire monomers detennines tire interaction strengtli between tire chains, tire interactions of tire polymer witli host molecules or witli interfaces. The monomer stmcture also detennines tire possible local confonnations of tire polymer chain. This relationship between the molecular stmcture and any interaction witli surrounding molecules is similar to tliat found for low-molecular-weight compounds. The second important parameter tliat controls polymer properties is tire molecular weight. Contrary to tire situation for low-molecular-weight compounds, it plays a fimdamental role in polymer behaviour. It detennines tire slow-mode dynamics and tire viscosity of polymers in solutions and in tire melt. These properties are of utmost importance in polymer rheology and condition tlieir processability. The mechanical properties, solubility and miscibility of different polymers also depend on tlieir molecular weights. 

Difluoroethanol [359-13-7], F2CHCH2OH, is a colorless Hquid with an alcohol-like odor mp, 28.2°C, bp, 96°C d[, 1.3084 n], 1.3320 heat of combustion, —1026 kJ/mol(—245.3 kcal/mol). It is stable to distillation and miscible with water and many organic solvents. As expected, its acidity Hes between that of 2-fluoroethanol and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol both ia the gas phase (25) and ia 50% aqueous ethanol solution (26), where its of 1.0 x 10 is about 4.8 times smaller than that of trifluoroethanol. 

Castor Oil. Castor oil [8001-79-4] (qv) is the fixed oil from the seeds of Picinus communis Linne. Pale yellowish or almost colorless, it is a transparent viscid Hquid with a faint, mild odor and a bland taste followed by a slightly acrid and usually nauseating taste. Its specific gravity is between 0.945 and 0.965. Castor oil is soluble in alcohol, and miscible with anhydrous alcohol, glacial acetic acid, chloroform, and diethyl ether. It consists chiefly of the glycerides of ricinoleic acid [141 -22-0], and isoricinoleic acid [73891-08-4], found in the small intestine. The seed contains a highly... 

Physical Properties. Industrially, the most important esters are dimethyl malonate [108-59-8] and diethyl malonate [105-53-3] whose physical properties are summarized in Table 2. Both are sparingly soluble in water (1 g/50 mL for the diethyl ester) and miscible in all proportions with ether and alcohol. 

Table 8 summarizes domestic consumption by use for amyl alcohols. About 55% of the total 1-pentanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol production is used for zinc diamyldithiophosphate lubrication oil additives (150) as important corrosion inhibitors and antiwear additives. Amyl xanthate salts are useful as frothers in the flotation of metal ores because of their low water solubiUty and miscibility with phenoHcs and natural oils. Potassium amyl xanthate, a collector in flotation of copper, lead, and zinc ores, is no longer produced in the United States, but imports from Germany and Yugoslavia were 910 —1100 t in 1989 (150). 

I. 45677, n O 1.4513, pK 6.86, pK 9.92. Forms a constant-boiling (b 118.5°) mixture with water (15%) [hygroscopic and miscible with water]. Recommended purification procedure [Asthana and Mukherjee in... 

Plasticizers reduce hardness, enhance tack and reduce cost in rubber base adhesive formulations. A plasticizer must be easily miscible and highly compatible with other ingredients in the formulations and with the surfaces to which the adhesive is applied. The compatibility and miscibility of plasticizers can be estimated from the solubility parameter values. Most of plasticizers have solubility parameters ranging between 8.5 and 10.5 hildebrands. However, the high miscibility and compatibility also lead to easier diffusion of the plasticizer to the surface, decreasing the adhesion properties. Therefore, plasticizers should be carefully selected and generally combinations of two or more of them are used. 

Other properties that are influenced by H bonding are solubility and miscibility, heats of mixing, phase-partitioning properties, the... 

Both the stabilizing mechanisms are limited by the degree of interaction and miscibility between the two unlike polar (PVC) and nonpolar (PBR) phases. 

With increasing content of PBR (above 10%) the inherent tendency of the two unlike phases to separate out increases, resulting in reduced interaction and miscibility. The effectiveness of stabilization is accordingly reduced. 

The two generic terms found in the blend literature are compatibility and miscibility. Components that resist gross phase segregation and/or give desirable blend properties are frequently said to have a degree of compatibility even though in a thermodynamic sense they are not miscible. In the case of immiscible systems, the overall physicomechanical behavior depends critically... 

Secondary recovery, infill drilling, various pumping techniques, and workover actions may still leave oil, sometimes the majority of the oil, in the reservoir. There are further applications of technology to extract the oil that can be utilized if the economics justifies them. These more elaborate procedures are called enhanced oil recovery. They fall into three general categories thermal recoveiy, chemical processes, and miscible methods. All involve injections of some substance into the reservoir. Thermal recovery methods inject steam or hot water m order to improve the mobility of the oil. They work best for heavy nils. In one version the production crew maintains steam or hot water injection continuously in order to displace the oil toward the production wells. In another version, called steam soak or huff and puff, the crew injects steam for a time into a production well and then lets it soak while the heat from the steam transfers to the resei voir. After a period of a week or more, the crew reopens the well and produces the heated oil. This sequence can be repeated as long as it is effective. 

Where R is the gas constant, T the temperature (K), Fthe Faraday constant and H2 is the relative partial pressure (strictly, the fugacity) of hydrogen in solution, which for continued evolution becomes the total external pressure against which hydrogen bubbles must prevail to escape (usually 1 atm). The activity of water a jo is not usually taken into account in elementary treatments, since it is assumed that <7h2 0 = U nd for dilute solutions this causes little error. In some concentrated plating baths Oh2 0 I O nd neither is it in baths which use mixtures of water and miscible organic liquids (e.g. dimethyl formamide). However, by far the most important term is the hydrogen ion activity this may be separated so that equation 12.1 becomes... 

Roe, R.-J. and Rigby, D. Phase Relations and Miscibility in Polymer Blends Containing Copolymers. Vol. 82, pp. 103-141. 

Glycolysis of PETP leads to oligomers that are polycondensed with eaprolaetone. The obtained diols are extended with hexamethylene diisoeyanate. In eertain conditions the polyurethanes are totally miseible with PVC, leading to acceptable meehanieal eharaeteristies for the blend. A relation between the strueture of the polyurethane and miscibility with PVC is described. The mechanical characteristics of the blend depends on the polyurethane chemical structure. 34 refs. 

When two polymers interact or react with each other, they are likely to provide a compatible, even a miscible, blend. Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) interacts with chloro-sulfonated polyethylene (Hypalon) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) forming partially miscible and miscible blends, respectively, due to the reaction between chlorosulfonic acid group and chlorine with epoxy group of ENR. Chiu et al. have studied the blends of chlorinated polyethylene (CR) with ENR at blend ratios of 75 25, 50 50, and 25 75, as well as pure rubbers using sulfur (Sg), 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, and 2-benzothiazole disulfide as vulcanizing agents [32]. They have studied Mooney viscosity, scorch... 

C12-0044. Acetonitrile, CH3 CN, is miscible with water and miscible with cyclohexane (Cg H12), but water and cyclohexane are nearly insoluble in each other. Explain. 

Enhanced oil-recovery processes include chemical and gas floods, steam, combustion, and electric heating. Gas floods, including immiscible and miscible processes, are usually defined by injected fluids (carbon dioxide, flue gas, nitrogen, or hydrocarbon). Steam projects involve cyclic steam (huff and puff) or steam drive. Combustion technologies can be subdivided into those that autoignite and those that require a heat source at injectors [521]. 

Oil-field chemistry has undergone major changes since the publication of earlier books on this subject Enhanced oil recovery research has shifted from processes in which surfactants and polymers are the primary promoters of increased oil production to processes in which surfactants are additives to improve the incremental oil recovery provided by steam and miscible gas injection fluids. Improved and more cost-effective cross-linked polymer systems have resulted from a better understanding of chemical cross-links in polysaccharides and of the rheological behavior of cross-linked fluids. The thrust of completion and hydraulic fracturing chemical research has shifted somewhat from systems designed for ever deeper, hotter formations to chemicals, particularly polymers, that exhibit improved cost effectiveness at more moderate reservoir conditions. 

Plasticisers are compatible and miscible with their host polymer causing them to swell and allowing them to be used for coating, moulding, spraying (when used as a suspension in a liquid solvent) or calendering, extrusion and injection moulding (when used as a polymer melt). 

The lowest members of the series of the aldehydes are colourless liquids of pungent odour and miscible with water the middle members are also liquids, but do not dissolve easily in water the aldehydes of high molecular weight are crystalline solids. The boiling points of the aldehydes are considerably lower than those of the corresponding alcohols ... 

An extensive review has been conducted to identify potential oxygenates for blending into diesel fuels [55]. Over 70 molecules were identified and tested, taking into account numerous physical properties such as oxygen content, flash point, viscosity, cetane number, corrosivity, toxicity, and miscibility with diesel blends. Five key aspects were considered critical to develop commercially valuable diesel additives ... 

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