Environmental and Health Aspects

The protection of environment, technological, and ecological considerations are of increasing importance for manufacturers and consumers of dyes. Primary considerations in dye manufacture and use include personal safety, atmospheric emissions, wastewater quality, and appropriate waste disposal. These considerations are of major importance in choosing major plant sites and are sometimes economically restrictive to existing operations [7, 12]. 

The toxic nature of some dyes and intermediates has long been recognized. Dermatologists have reported cases of skin reactions suspected to be caused by textile dyes. The positive link between benzidine derivatives and 2-naphthylamine with bladder cancer is also well documented. In fact, these studies prompted the introduction of stringent government regulations to control the exposure of workers to dye dust and the discharge of chemicals, colors, and other effluents. 

The discharge of intensely colored dyes in wastewater is aesthetically displeasing and of more concern owing to the presence of toxic heavy metals and other carcinogens along with it. Wastewaters from both dye manufacturing plants and dye houses are treated before 

Austin, G. T., (Ed.), Shreve s Chemical Process Industries, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1975. 

and Othmer, D. F., Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., 1999. 

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Tracor Jitco, Inc. 1981. Environmental and health aspects of hexachloroethane, a comprehensive bibliography of published literature 1930-1981. Washington, DC Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. PB81-249674. 

Quality and risk management - approaches at integrating environmental and health aspects in the corporate management . 

Simpson, A. J., Boersma, R. E., Kingery, W. L., Hicks, R. P, and Hayes, M. H. B. (1997). Applications of NMR spectroscopy for studies of the molecular compositions of humic substances. In Humic Substances in Soils, Peats, and Waters Environmental and Health Aspects, Special Publication, Royal Society of Chemistry, vol. 172, pp. 46-62. 

RajendranS., Environmental and Health Aspects of Pestiddes Use inindian Agriculture inMartinJ Bunch etat., eds., Proceedings of the Third International Conference of ivironment and Health, Chennai, India, 15-17 December (2003)... 

Environmental and Health Aspects of Acrylamide. A Comprehensive Bibliography ofPublished Uteratme 1930 to April 1980, EPA Report No. 560/7-81-006, 1981. 

Chapter 8 is devoted to the industrially produced dyes with their classification, manufacture, properties, and main applications, as well as environmental and health aspects. 

It is hoped that this book will contribute to overcoming the barriers of comprehension between biochemists, inorganic chemists and chemists dedicated to environmental and health aspects of vanadium. The establishment of bi- to triannual symposia on the Chemistry and Biological Chemistry of Vanadium a decade ago (the first one, held in Cancun, Mexico, in 1997, was organised by Debbie Crans, Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Co, and Alan Tracey, Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, BC) has provided considerable momentum in this respect. 

Initiators can be found for each application in manufacture and processing of plastic and in any temperature range requested. Modem environmental and health aspects require products that do not cause problems during manufacture, handling, and final use of the plastic materials. 

Alexander FW, Clayton BE, Delves HT. 1973. The uptake and excretion by children of lead and other contaminants. International Symposium of Environmental and Health Aspects... 

As part of the biogeochemical cycle, the injection of iodine-containing gases into the atmosphere, and their subsequent chemical transformation therein, play a crucial role in environmental and health aspects associated with iodine - most importandy, in determining the quantity of the element available to the mammalian diet. This chapter focuses on these processes and the variety of gas- and aerosol-phase species that constitute the terrestrial iodine cycle, through discussion of the origin and measurement of atmospheric iodine in its various forms ( Sources and Measurements of Atmospheric Iodine ), the principal photo-chemical pathways in the gas phase ( Photolysis and Gas-Phase Iodine Chemistry ), and the role of aerosol uptake and chemistry and new particle production ( Aerosol Chemistry and Particle Formation ). Potential health and environmental issues related to atmospheric iodine are also reviewed ( Health and Environment Impacts ), along with discussion of the consequences of the release of radioactive iodine (1-131) into the air from nuclear reactor accidents and weapons tests that have occurred over the past half-century or so ( Radioactive Iodine Atmospheric Sources and Consequences ). 

BQ Kinsman. Environmental and health aspects of glass furnace repairs. Glass Technol 31 197-207, 1990. 

Abstract An introduction to the political, legal and historical aspects of chemical warfare (CW) is provided. Principal CW agents and various environmental and health aspects associated with their use, storage and destruction are identified and selected future challenges are considered. 

This chapter is intended to provide a unified view of selected aspects of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the actinide elements. The f block elements have many unique features, and a comparison of the lanthanide and actinide transition series provides valuable insights into the properties of both. Comparative data are presented on the electronic configurations, oxidation states, redox potentials, thermochemical data, crystal structures, and ionic radii of the actinide elements, together with a miscellany of topics related to their environmental and health aspects. Much of this material is assembled in tabular and graphical form to facilitate rapid access. Many of the topics covered in this chapter, and some that are not discussed here, are the subjects of subsequent chapters of this work, and these may be consulted for more comprehensive treatments. This chapter provides a welcome opportunity to discuss the biological and environmental aspects of the actinide elements, subjects that were barely mentioned in the first edition of this work but have assumed great importance in recent times. 

The rationale of the inherent safety concept makes it attractive for adoption to the environmental and health aspects (Hassim, 2010). Kletz (1984) visualized the potential of also applying the concept to the prevention of pollution (environmental aspect) and the avoidance of small continuous leaks into the atmosphere of the workplace (occupational health/industrial hygiene aspect), but he did not evolve it further. 

Moreover, environmental and health aspects have a large influence on the application techniques. A short overview of the different techniques with (dis-) advantages is given next. 

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