Macrophage migration

A number of adipokines are linked to inflammation and immunity (Fig. 1). This includes both leptin and adiponectin, and also a number of other key inflammatory proteins, particularly cytokines and chemokines [1]. The cytokines and chemokines encompass interleukin-1(3 (EL-1 (3), IL-6, DL-10, TNFa, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Other major inflammation-related adipokines include nerve growth factor (NGF), and acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. In addition, adipocytes secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is an important thrombotic factor as well as an acute phase protein. 

All the jellyfish venoms are toxic but also stimulate the cell mediated and humoral immunological systems of man. After injection of large doses of jellyfish venom into human skin, a perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration appears within the dermis. This infiltration is composed predominantly of helper inducer cells which produce suppressor activity. It appears that the NK enhancement of human leukocytes in patients envenomated by Chrysaora quinquecirrha is depressed when the clinical lesion is inflammatory (10). Recovery from this suppression follows the amelioration of the acute cutaneous reaction. In other instances, envenomated patients have abnormal macrophage migration tests (11). 

A macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) which encourages the maerophages to remain in the area. 

Dambach, D.M. et al., Role of CCR2 in macrophage migration into the liver during acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the mouse, Hepatology, 35, 1093, 2002. 

Suzuki, M., et al., Xenopus laevis macrophage migration inhibitory factor is essential for axis formation and neural development, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 21406, 2004. 

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor Monocyte colony-stimulating factor Tumor necrosis factor- a Tumor necrosis factor- P... 

Kofoed, K., et al. (2007) Use of plasma C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, neutrophils, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in combination to diagnose infections a prospective study. Crit Care. 11, R38. 

Figure 25-5 shows the principal catabolic pathways, as well as a few biosynthetic reactions, of phenylalanine and tyrosine in animals. Transamination to phenylpyruvate (reaction a) occurs readily, and the product may be oxidatively decarboxylated to phen-ylacetate. The latter may be excreted after conjugation with glycine (as in Knoop s experiments in which phenylacetate was excreted by dogs after conjugation with glycine, Box 10-A). Although it does exist, this degradative pathway for phenylalanine must be of limited importance in humans, for an excess of phenylalanine is toxic unless it can be oxidized to tyrosine (reaction b, Fig. 25-5). Formation of phenylpyruvate may have some function in animals. The enzyme phenylpyruvate tautomerase, which catalyzes interconversion of enol and oxo isomers of its substrate, is also an important immunoregulatory cytokine known as macrophage migration inhibitory factor.863...

Rodriguez-Sosa, M., Rosas, L.E., David, J.R., Bojalil, R., Satoskar, A.R. and Terrazas, L.l. (2003b) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor plays a critical role in mediating protection against the helminth parasite Taenia crassiceps. Infection and Immunity 71, 1247-1254. 

Murakami, H., Akbar, S. M. F., Matsui, H., Horiike, N., and Onji M. 2002. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor activates antigen-presenting dendritic cells and induces inflammatory cytokines in ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 128 504—510. 

L-fucose, D-mannose (Man), and L-galactose affects macrophage migration [61], to prepare vaccine candidates [62], to study the uptake of fucosylated human serum albumin (HSA) by macrophages [63], and in targeted drug delivery strategies [64],... 

Figure 27.7. Macrophages migrate to a site of injury in the wall of a distal airway. Alveolar macrophages normally residing in the alveolar spaces migrate to chemoattractants released by injured epithehal cells. Other leukocytes such as monocytes and neutrophils also respond to chemotactic molecules and migrate from the blood across the pulmonary interstitium.

Metz, C. N., and Bucala, R. (1997). Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the regulation of the immune response. Adv. Immunol. 66, 197-223. 

Swope, M. D., and Lolis, E. (1999). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor cytokine, hormone, or enzyme Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 139, 1-32. 

Alveolar macrophages migrate along the alveolar wall to engulf spores by phagocytosis in phagolysosomes. 

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