Microvessels

Mazo IB, Gutienez-Ramos JC, Frenette PS, Hynes RO, Wagner DD, von Andrian UH. Hematopoietic progenitor cell rolling in bone marrow microvessels parallel contributions by endothelial selectins and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. J Exp Med 1998 188(3) 465-474. 

Murphy C, McGurk M, Pettigrew J, et al. Nonapical and cytoplasmic expression of interleukin-8, CXCR1, CXCR2 correlates with cell proliferation and microvessel density in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005 11 4117-4127. 

Dzenko KA, Andjelkovic AV, Kuziel WA, et al. The chemokine receptor CCR2 mediates the binding and internalization of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 along brain microvessels. J Neurosci 2001 21 9214-9223. 

Pal, D. Audus, K. L. Siahaan, T. J., Modulation of cellular adhesion in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells by a decapeptide, Brain Res. 747, 103-113 (1997). 

MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells are derived from distal tubules, whereas LLC-PKi are from proximal tubes. b BMEC (brain microvessel endothelial cells) are isolated from capillaries. BPAEC (bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells), BAEC (bovine aortic endothelial cells), and HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) are large vessel endothelia. 

Miller DW, KL Audus, RT Borchardt. (1992). Cultured bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells A model of the blood brain barrier. J Tiss Cult Meth 14 217-224. 

Al Dhaheri AH, El-Sabban F, Fahim MA. 1995. Chronic lead treatment accelerates photochemically induced platelet aggregation in cerebral microvessels of mice, in vivo. Environ Res 69 51-58. 

Seetharaman S, Barrand MA, Maskell L, Scheper RJ. Multidmg resistance-related transport proteins in isolated human brain microvessels and in cells cultured from these isolates. J Neurochem 1998 70(3) 1151—1159. 

Regina A, Roman A, Piciotti M, El Hafny B, Center MS, Bergmann R et al. Mrpl multidrug resistance-associated protein and P-glycoprotein expression in rat brain microvessel endothelial cells. J Neurochem 1998 71(2)705-715. 

Pericytes lie periendothelially on the abluminal side of the microvessels (Figure 15.3). A layer of basement membrane separates the pericytes from the endothelial cells and the astrocyte foot processes. Pericytes send out cell processes which penetrate the basement membrane and cover around 20-30% of the micro-vascular circumference [18]. Pericyte cytoplasmic projections encircling the endothelial cells provide both a vasodynamic capacity and structural support to the microvasculature. They bear receptors for vasoactive mediators such as catecholamines, endothelin-1, VIP, vasopressin and angiotensin II. Pericytes become mark-... 

El-Bacha RS, Minn A. Drug metabolizing enzymes in cerebrovascular endothelial cells afford a metabolic protection to the brain. Cell Mol Biol 1999 45 15-23 Minn A, Ghersi-Egea JF, Perrin R, Leininger B, Siest G. Drug metabolizing enzymes in the brain and cerebral microvessels. Brain Res Rew 1991 16 65-82. 

Huai-Yun H, Secrest DT, Mark KS, Carney D, Elmquist WF, Miller W. Expression of multi-drug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in brain microvessel endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998 243 816-820. 

Fricker G, Miller D, Bauer B, Nob-mann S, Gutmann H, Torok M et al. Transport of xenobiotics across isolated brain microvessels studied by confocal microscopy. Presented at the 3rd FEBS Advanced Fecture Course - ABC2001 Gosau, Austria. 

A2B receptors are found on endothelial cells, where they regulate vascular permeability, and on epithelial cells, where they regulate water secretion. These receptors are upregulated in the hippocampus following cerebral ischemic preconditioning and are thought to play a protective role. Both A2A and A2B receptors contribute to dilation of cerebral microvessels in response to adenosine. 

The cerebrovasculature is also an abundant source of eicosanoids. Platelets, leukocytes and vascular endothelium are all capable of synthesizing eicosanoids (see above). Brain microvessels isolated from ischemic rat brain demonstrate enhanced synthesis of eicosanoids, and leukocytes and platelets may account for much of the LTD4 produced during ischemia-reperfusion in the gerbil. 

Some new organic nitrates are of interest. Sininitrodil [76] (Fig. 8.7), SPM-4744 and SM P-5185 [77] selectively dilate large microvessels and SPM-5185 is resistant to cross-tolerance with GTN in human blood vessels in vitro. 

Dorheim, M. A., Tracey, W. R., Pollock, J. S., Grammas, P., Nitric oxide synthase activity is elevated in brain microvessels in Alzheimer s disease, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205 (1994), p. 659-665... 

Kroll F, Karlsson JA, Persson CGA (1987) Tracheobronchial microvessels perfused via the pulmonary artery in guinea-pig isolated lungs. Acta Physiol Scand 129 445 146. 

PBEC Porcine brain microvessel endothelial cells... 

The blood-brain barrier forms the interface between the bloodstream and the brain parenchyma and thus controls the passage of endogenous substances and xenobiotics into and out of the central nervous system. Brain microvessels exhibit a variety of unique structural features, such as an extremely tight endothelium without fenestration, a very low rate of pinocytosis, tight junctions between endothelial cells excluding paracellular permeability, and a series of polarized transport proteins. The following chapter describes the structural and functional characteristics of the blood-brain barrier with emphasis on transport proteins, as well as in vitro techniques, which allow studying this complex barrier in the brain. 

The cerebral endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier originate from the middle germinal sheet of the embryo, the mesoderm [17]. Concomitant with migration and proliferation of capillary endothelial cells during formation of the cerebral vascular network occurs the imprinting of the cells. Thereby, induction by the cellular surrounding plays an important role [18-21], The relevance of the cellular environment for the development of the barrier function of cerebral microvessels was first demonstrated by Stewart and Wiley [22], who transplanted embryonic brain tissue of a quail into embryonic gut tissue of chicken and vice versa. The cerebral transplant was vascularized by intestinal vessels, in which properties of the blood-brain barrier had been induced. In transplanted brain vessels, however, no characteristics of a barrier could be demonstrated, due to the lack of a neuronal environment. These results indicated that the cerebral microvessels are of extraneuronal origin, with properties that are induced by the cellular environment. In addition, brain tissue has the capability to induce blood-brain barrier characteristics also in noncerebral vascular tissue [23],... 

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