Microarray techniques

The final approach is to use a combination of microarray techniques, antisense oligonucleotides, functional tests and the use of monoclonal antibodies to identify matrix proteins and families of matrix proteins involved in the biomineralization process, and ultimately to establish their function. The recent publication of the genome of the sea urchin... 

The basal immunological mechanisms are complex but can now be analyzed with refined and more powerful laboratory methods, such as the microarray technique. With the help of this technique, additional information besides that concerning IgE and cytokine levels about the association between adaptive and innate immune response as well as other cellular responses can be gathered (6-8). 

TABLE 1 Transcriptomics Profiling of GMOs Using Microarray Technique... 

Besides enzyme activity, enzyme induction assays can also utilize mRNA and enzyme protein level as endpoints. Gene expression studies now can be performed using branch-chained DNA and microarray techniques. Protein level quantification in general is performed using isoform-specific antibodies and Western blotting. Enzyme activity represents the most relevant endpoint for drug-drug interaction evalua-... 

Microarrays are thousands of 150- to 250-micron spots of DNA bound to microscope slides in a precise and known pattern. Each DNA spot quantitatively hybridizes to a specific mRNA so that expression of thousands of individual genes can be measured simultaneously. Importantly, microarray techniques are sensitive typically, twofold differences in mRNA concentration are determined and each gene/ DNA spot has a sensitivity of 15 attomoles, or approximately one out of 300,000 transcripts can be measured. Application of statistical analyses with appropriate replication has improved these analyses such that less than 1.5-fold differences are readily discerned. The most common use of microarrays is to profile transcript levels on a genome-wide basis. The idea is that knowledge of where (what tissue) and when and how much a gene is expressed will inform its function. Comparisons of gene... 

The parallel sample hybridizations achieved in the 2D microfluidic microarray technique triggered the motivation for finding an effective way in... 

A quick search in the PubMed database shows that the number of scientific publications in the microarray area grew exponentially since its introduction in 1995 and remained at 7000 in recent years. Despite its revolutionary growth in the research area, the microarray technique has been slow in penetration in the molecular diagnostic market, as it accounted for only 10% of the whole molecular diagnostic market in 2010 (7). The rather serious concerns about the reproducibility and robustness of microarray data, discussed previously, deterred receiving regulatory approval as well as obtaining success in... 

Technical issues and inadequate QC measures in the early microarray studies brought about serious concerns and criticisms about the reproducibility of the micro array data provided as well as their biological interpretations inferred. These shortcomings in the microarray techniques themselves, as well as the harsh competition from other molecular diagnostic techniques, deter success in the clinical market as they were in the research counterparts. 

Advances in molecular genetic techniques in the new millennium have transformed the way breast cancer has been studied. Gene microarray techniques that first analyzed hematologic malignancies have been applied to several solid cancers. The breakthrough for breast cancer microarray studies came in 2000, when Perou and coworkers reported molecular classification of breast cancer using gene expression analysis on DNA microarrays. ... 

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