Gene microarrays

Voehringer DW et al. Gene microarray identification of redox and mitochondrial elements that control resistance or sensitivity to apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 97 2680-2685. 

The family of HDAC enzymes has been named after their first substrate identified, i.e., the nuclear histone proteins. Histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) form an octamer complex, around which the DNA helix is wrapped in order to establish a condensed chromatin structure. The acetylation status of histones is in a dynamic equilibrium governed by histone acetyl transferases (HATs), which acetylate and HDACs which are responsible for the deacetylation of histone tails (Fig. 1). Inhibition of the HDAC enzyme promotes the acetylation of nucleosome histone tails, favoring a more transcriptionally competent chromatin structure, which in turn leads to altered expression of genes involved in cellular processes such as cell prohferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Inhibition of HDAC activity results in the activation of only a limited set of pre-programmed genes microarray experiments have shown that 2% of all genes are activated by structmally different HDAC inhibitors [1-5]. In recent years, a growing number of additional nonhistone HDAC substrates have been identified, which will be discussed in more detail below. 

Liu A et al (2002) Block principal component analysis with application to gene microarray data classification. Stat Med 21 3465-3474. doi 10.1002/sim.l263... 

Applications of Functional Gene Microarrays for Profiling Microbial Communities... 

Gene microarray technology has demonstrated to have impressive multiplexing capabilities for GMO analysis and many examples can be found in the literature (68). With this technology, detailed information has also been... 

Lock C, Hermans G, Pedotti R, Brendolan A, Schadt E, Garren H, et al. Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Med 2002 8(5) 500-508. 

Blalock EM, Chen KC, Stromberg AJ, Norris CM, Kadish I, Kraner SD, et al. Harnessing the power of gene microarrays for the study of brain aging and Alzheimer s disease Statistical reliability and functional correlation. Ageing Res Rev 2005 4(4) 481-512. 

Ward, B. B., EveiUard, D., Kirshtein, J. D., Nelson, J. D., Voytek, M. A., andjackson, G. A. (2007). Ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community composition in estuarine and oceanic environments assessed using a functional gene microarray. Environ. Microbiol. 9, 2522—2538. 

The relevance of these topics to computation and to toxicology is not trivial. Currently commercially available gene microarrays can characterize the expression of thousands of genes of several different species [39], and this... 

Nanomaterials can bind also to nucleic acids and, e.g., interfere with different methods used to assess changes in mRNA expression (PCR, real-time-PCR, and gene microarrays). In this case problems related to the presence of NMs are due to, e.g., decreased efficiency of RNA extraction from NP-exposed cells, lower quality of the extracted RNA, or altered mRNA stability [65],... 

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