Biomineralization process

Since some structural and dynamic features of w/o microemulsions are similar to those of cellular membranes, such as dominance of interfacial effects and coexistence of spatially separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanoscopic domains, the formation of nanoparticles of some inorganic salts in microemulsions could be a very simple and realistic way to model or to mimic some aspects of biomineralization processes [216,217]. 

The initial stages of iron incorporation requires the ferroxidase sites of the protein. Thereafter the inner surface of the protein shell provides a surface which supplies ligands that can partially coordinate iron but which leave some coordination spheres available for mineral phase anions, thereby enabling the biomineralization process to proceed, with formation of one or more polynuclear ferrihydrite crystallites. Iron is transferred from the ferroxidase sites to the core nucleation sites by the net reaction (Yang et ah, 1998) ... 

It is well known that liposomes are good candidates for controlled reactions. As lipid-based colloids, they have been used to mimic biomineralization processes [99,100], while as restricted volumes, they have been used as microreactors to synthesize... 

The collagen fibers leave small compartments where apatite nanocrystals are deposited during a controlled biomineralization process [20]. The collagen acts as a structural framework in which plate-like nanocrystals of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) are embedded to strengthen the bone. The chemical formula of biological CHA can be represented as follows ... 

Compounds 818-820 are kinetically labile and undergo epimerization in solution. The rates of these epimerization processes were determined by kinetic measurements. Owing to the hydrolytic sensitivity of compounds 821 and 822, a conceivable role of bidentate amino acid ligands in the silicon biomineralization process has been denied.821... 

The final approach is to use a combination of microarray techniques, antisense oligonucleotides, functional tests and the use of monoclonal antibodies to identify matrix proteins and families of matrix proteins involved in the biomineralization process, and ultimately to establish their function. The recent publication of the genome of the sea urchin... 

Bone and teeth in mammals and bony fishes all rely on calcium phosphates in the form of hydroxyapatite [Ca5(P04)30H]2, usually associated with around 5% carbonate (and referred to as carbonated apatite). The bones of the endoskeleton and the dentin and enamel of teeth have a high mineral content of carbonated apatite, and represent an extraordinary variety of structures with physical and mechanical properties exquisitely adapted to their particular function in the tissue where they are produced. We begin by discussing the formation of bone and then examine the biomineralization process leading to the hardest mineralized tissue known, the enamel of mammalian teeth. 

Iron deposits and microorganisms in saline sulfidic soils with altered soil water regimes in South Australia. In Skinner, H.G.W. Fitzpatrick, R.W. (eds.) Biomineralization processes of iron and manganese. Catena Ver-lag, Cremlmgen-Destedt, Catena Suppl. 21 ... 

R.W. (eds.) Biomineralization processes of iron and manganese. Catena Suppl. 21 351-370... 

Biomineralization processes ofiron and manganese. Catena Verlag, Cremlingen-Destedt, 432 p. 

Collagen is the major protein of the extracellular connective tissues and functions as a structural protein for many biomineralization processes, e. g. in bone and teeth. 

Phosphatases. Of particular importance is the observation that enzymes obviously involved in biomineralization processes occur in bone. 

HEME AGGREGATION INHIBITORS ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS TARGETING AN ESSENTIAL BIOMINERALIZATION PROCESS... 

Therefore, it appears that the amino acid spectrum in shell matrix proteins and perio-straca of Haliotis is largely a result of the mixing of three different peptide fractions, each one characterized by two amino acids. The six amino acids involved in these three fractions account for about 70 to 80 per cent of the total. The principal difference between shell matrix proteins und periostraca proteins is the high abundance of alanine and serine in the calcified tissue which suggests that the fraction containing these two amino acids is critical in biomineralization processes. 

Model compounds with well-defined chemical compositions and structures are indispensable for any study of biominerals or biomineralization processes. The solid-state NMR parameters of selected model compounds... 

Biomineralization is a slow and complicated in vivo process. Many simple in vitro systems have been developed to model a particular aspect of the biomineralization process. Although in most cases the biological relevance of the in vitro systems may require further justification, the results can provide important insights into the processes being mimicked. In the near future, this divide-and-conquer approach will remain the most effective strategy for the study of biomineralization. 

Earlier biochemical studies had reported that the Krebs cycle in mitochondria are closely associated with the intramitochondrial precipitation of electron-dense mineral granules,138 which have been suggested as ACP containing OCP-carboxylate components.139 Previous studies have shown that succinate ions (00CC2H4C002 ) can be incorporated into the lattice of OCP,139-142 leading to the formation of the OCP-succinate (OCPS) compound.139 Consequently, OCPS prepared in vitro could serve as a model system to mimic the biomineralization process in mitochondria. The XRD... 

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