Carbohydrate microarray

Keywords Microarray DNA microarray Carbohydrate microarray Protein microarray Antibody microarray G protein-coupled receptor microarray Cellular microarray Optical biosensor Resonant waveguide grating biosensor Surface plasmon resonance Dynamic mass redistribution... 

T. Feizi, F. Fazio, W. Chai, and C.-H. Wong, Carbohydrate microarrays—anew set of technologies at the frontiers of glycomics, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 13... 

M. D. Disney and P. H. Seeberger, The use of carbohydrate microarrays to study carbohydrate-cell interactions and to detect pathogens, Chem. Biol., 11 (2004) 1701-1707. 

As we will soon discover, microarray-based technologies have found utility in a number of fields. While DNA arrays are the most technically mature and have the broadest application portfolio, we have witnessed the ever-increasing generation of new kinds of probe arrays antibody, antigen, enzyme, aptamer, carbohydrate, tissue, cell, and small molecule microarrays. The list undoubtedly will continue to expand. We can also describe microarrays in terms of prognostic, diagnostic, and predictive roles. A few examples that examine these applications are provided. 

Wang, D., Liu, S., Trummer, B.J., Deng, C., and Wang, A., Carbohydrate microarrays for the recognition of cross-reactive molecular markers of microbes and host cells, Nat. Biotechnol20, 275-281, 2002. 

Analytical tools have been developed in order to identify carbohydrate structures as well as carbohydrate-binding proteins and to understand their underlying structure-function relationships of protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions lectin arrays [16], glycan microarrays [17, 18], glyco-nanoparticles [19], frontal affinity chromatography [20] and carbohydrate tools for metabolic labeling [21]. 

The role that carbohydrates exert in recognition phenomena of biological and pharmaceutical relevance has stimulated the quest for tools that can monitor and even quantitatively evaluate these interactions. The potential diagnostic applications of such tools is evident, and the possible development of commercial carbohydrate microarrays, such as those established for oligonucleotides, and very recently peptides, is of high interest. 

Key Words Antigens antibodies carbohydrates glycans glyconjugates microarrays micro spotting nitrocellulose polysaccharides SARS-CoV. 

Fig. 1. A high-throughput platform of the carbohydrate-based microarrays. A high-precision robot designed to produce cDNA microarrays was utilized to spot carbohydrate antigens onto a chemically modified glass slide. The microspotting capacity of this system is approximately 20,000 spots per chip. The antibody-stained slides were then scanned for fluorescent signals with a Biochip Scanner that was developed for cDNA microarrays. The microarray results were subsequently confirmed by at least one of the conventional alternative assays.

The printed carbohydrate microarrays are air-dried and stored at room temperature without desiccant before further use (see Note 5). 

The staining procedure for carbohydrate microarrays is basically identical to the routine procedure for immunohistology. Immunostaining steps of carbohydrate arrays are listed below (see Notes 4 and 6 and Fig. 3). 

Examination of presence of samples on array To verily that proteins, synthetic peptides, and carbohydrates are successfully printed, microarrays can be incubated with antibodies, receptors, or lectins known to react with the printed substance. The reaction is detected either by conjugating directly afluorochrome to the detector, or by a second-step staining procedure. 

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