Carbohydrates carbohydrate microarrays

T. Feizi, F. Fazio, W. Chai, and C.-H. Wong, Carbohydrate microarrays—anew set of technologies at the frontiers of glycomics, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 13... 

M. D. Disney and P. H. Seeberger, The use of carbohydrate microarrays to study carbohydrate-cell interactions and to detect pathogens, Chem. Biol., 11 (2004) 1701-1707. 

Wang, D., Liu, S., Trummer, B.J., Deng, C., and Wang, A., Carbohydrate microarrays for the recognition of cross-reactive molecular markers of microbes and host cells, Nat. Biotechnol20, 275-281, 2002. 

Analytical tools have been developed in order to identify carbohydrate structures as well as carbohydrate-binding proteins and to understand their underlying structure-function relationships of protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions lectin arrays [16], glycan microarrays [17, 18], glyco-nanoparticles [19], frontal affinity chromatography [20] and carbohydrate tools for metabolic labeling [21]. 

The role that carbohydrates exert in recognition phenomena of biological and pharmaceutical relevance has stimulated the quest for tools that can monitor and even quantitatively evaluate these interactions. The potential diagnostic applications of such tools is evident, and the possible development of commercial carbohydrate microarrays, such as those established for oligonucleotides, and very recently peptides, is of high interest. 

Fig. 1. A high-throughput platform of the carbohydrate-based microarrays. A high-precision robot designed to produce cDNA microarrays was utilized to spot carbohydrate antigens onto a chemically modified glass slide. The microspotting capacity of this system is approximately 20,000 spots per chip. The antibody-stained slides were then scanned for fluorescent signals with a Biochip Scanner that was developed for cDNA microarrays. The microarray results were subsequently confirmed by at least one of the conventional alternative assays.

The printed carbohydrate microarrays are air-dried and stored at room temperature without desiccant before further use (see Note 5). 

The staining procedure for carbohydrate microarrays is basically identical to the routine procedure for immunohistology. Immunostaining steps of carbohydrate arrays are listed below (see Notes 4 and 6 and Fig. 3). 

Ruobing Wang Carbohydrate Microarray Laboratory, Departments of Genetics, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA... 

In the microarray industry, the most commonly used techniques to pattern biologically active molecules are robotic contact printing or ink-jet printing. In general, these methods can fabricate biochips with thousands of different compounds, which can be analyzed simultaneously. The most commonly spotted biomolecules include oligonucleotides,1 proteins,2 and carbohydrates.3 Microarray-based platforms have... 

Zhi ZL, Powell AK, Turnbull JE (2006) Fabrication of carbohydrate microarrays on gold surfaces direct attachment of noderivatized oligosaccharides to hydrazide-modified self-assembled monolayers. Anal Chem 78 4786-4793... 

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