Oligosaccharides carbohydrate microarrays

Zhi ZL, Powell AK, Turnbull JE (2006) Fabrication of carbohydrate microarrays on gold surfaces direct attachment of noderivatized oligosaccharides to hydrazide-modified self-assembled monolayers. Anal Chem 78 4786-4793... 

Many of the aforementioned carbohydrate microarray strategies have been used for observations on proteins of known specificities and their interactions with sugars. We highlight below several oligosaccharide microarray systems that are beyond proof-of-concept and have provided new biological insights. We dwell, in some detail, on the NGL-based oligosaccharide microarray platform with which we have first hand experience. 

Automated Solution-Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis and Carbohydrate Microarrays Development of Fluorous-Based Tools for Glycomics... 

Hitherto, many methods for the preparation of carbohydrate microarrays have been described, such as nitrocellulose coated slides for noncovalent immobilization of microbial polysaccharides [23], and self-assembled monolayers modified by Diels-Alder mediated coupling of cydopentadiene-derivatized oligosaccharides [24], just to name two. Unfortunately, the first method requires large polysaccharides or lipid modified sugars for the noncovalent interaction. The latter method requires the preparation of oligosaccharides bearing the sensitive cyclopentadiene moiety. 

A number of investigators have put effort in developing general, simple, and efficient array substrates that can be applied to a range of unprotected and unmodified oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Four types of surface-functionalized substrates and related chemical-linking techniques have been reported to date for fabrication of carbohydrate microarrays through covalent immobilization of underivatized carbohydrates irrespective of the carbohydrate size. 

Overall, these results demonstrated that the binding of lectins with the prepared carbohydrate microarrays are specific and multiple-analytic characterization can be achieved on the aminooxyacetyl-functionalized slide with good selectivity. Furthermore, periodate oxidation of the immobilized oligosaccharides with NaI04 resulted in the loss of lectin binding. These experiments verify that the fabricated carbohydrate microarray is well suited for the selective identification of carbohydrate-binding proteins. 

In a similar method, Lee and Shin (36) have developed hydrazide-coated glass slides to immobilize a wide range of carbohydrates including mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides in a simple, efficient, and chemoselective fashion. Preliminary protein-binding experiments show that carbohydrate microarrays prepared by this method are suitable for the high-throughput analysis of carbohydrate-protein interactions. 

For fabrication of carbohydrate microarrays with monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, carbohydrates can be substrate specifically designed. This substrate specificity allows the fabrication of carbohydrate microarrays with a wide range of structurally diverse carbohydrate probes (including linkage and positional isomer specificity) without any chemical modification requirement [169,170]. 

Fukui, S., Feizi, T., Galustian, C., Lawson, A. M., and Chai, W. (2002) Oligosaccharide microarrays for high-throughput detection and specificity assignments of carbohydrate-protein interactions. Nat. Biotechnol. 20(10), 1011-1017. 

Zhou X, Zhou J. Oligosaccharide microarrays fabricated on aminooxyacetyl functionalized glass surface for characterization of carbohydrate-protein interaction. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006 21 1451-1458. 

Ratner DM, Adams EW, Su J, O Keefe BR, Mrksich M, Seeberger PH. Probing protein-carbohydrate interactions with microarrays of synthetic oligosaccharides. ChemBioChem 2004 5 379-382. 

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