Metric system, development

For instance, many objectives and data collection similarities exist between the mechanical integrity (MI) system and the process safety metrics system, and data available in the MI system can be used to judge process safety performance. How information from the MI system will be captured and used needs to be defined, including who will be responsible for ensuring the proper information flow. This requires the metrics system developers to coordinate with the MI personnel regarding what information will be monitored and how it will be... 

SI Abbreviation for the worldwide standard prepared by the International System of Units. SI is from the French name Le Systeme International d Unites. This standard gives guidance for application of the modernized metric system developed and maintained by the Group Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM for the official French name Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures). The SI abbreviations were adopted by the eleventh CGPM in 1960. See Appendix B, Conversion Tables decimal number system measurement meter number marker. 

The metric system, developed in France during the late eighteenth century, is used as the system of measurement in most countries. The United States has traditionally used the English system, although use of the metric system has become more common (<4 FIGURE 1.15). 

Historically, a number of units representing different amounts of the same properties have been used in various cultures around the world. For example, the United States traditionally uses the U.S. customary system (miles, cups, pints, ounces, and so on), while most other industrialized nations use the metric system (kilometer, milliliter, liters, grams, and so on). The metric system, developed in France in the late eighteenth century, represents the first true standard measurement system. The theory and physical practice of measurement is constant no matter what system of units is being used. 

Historically, there was a competition between England and France, which had the effect in science of development of English units stiU used in the United States and the metric system developed in France and preferred in modem science. Thus, it is interesting that early work by Charles on the temperature dependence was extended by Gay Lussac several years later and is now known as the Charles-Gay Lussac law. 

The metric system, which is federally mandated and appears in the official listing of drugs in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), is a logically organized system of measurement. It was first developed by the French. The basic units multiplied or divided by 10 comprise the metric system. Therefore, a knowledge of decimals, reviewed in Chapter 1, is useful for this system. 

Chemistry is full of calculations. Our basic goal is to help you develop the knowledge and strategies you need to solve these problems. In this chapter, you will review the Metric system and basic problem solving techniques, such as the Unit Conversion Method. Your textbook or instructor may call this problem solving method by a different name, such as the Factor-Label Method and Dimensional Analysis. Check with your instructor or textbook as to for which SI (Metric) prefixes and SI-English relationships will you be responsible. Finally, be familiar with the operation of your calculator. (A scientific calculator will be the best for chemistry purposes.) Be sure that you can correctly enter a number in scientific notation. It would also help if you set your calculator to display in scientific notation. Refer to your calculator s manual for information about your specific brand and model. Chemistry is not a spectator sport, so you will need to Practice, Practice, Practice. 

Determined to bring order to the chaotic systems of measurement then used in Russia, he used techniques developed abroad and invented some measuring devices himself. He established the metric system in Russia and insisted on a greater precision in measuring equipment. 

The Systeme International (SI), which is a development of the metric system, is an internationally accepted set of units and rules for their manipulation. It defines seven base units, in terms of which all physical quantities can be expressed ... 

The importance of using common reference scales has been recognised for centuries. For example, in England, King John introduced consistent measures throughout the land in 1215. Other countries also had their own measurements scales standards. Many city museums show the standard measures used for trade within the city or local state. As trade widened so did the need for comparability of measurement results and the use of common units widened. The many different measurements scales were harmonised with the introduction of the metric system and the SI units under the Convention of the Metre signed in 1875. An excellent summary of the historical development of units of measurement is given in the NBS Special Publication 420 [1], Under the Convention of the Metre a hierarchical chain of national and international measurement standards has been developed for the measurement of most of physical quantities. 

Develop a metrics system allowing for quantifiable results wherever possible for example, use statistical process control charts for manufacturing processes and correlating manufacturing deviations with consumer complaint trends. 

Chemistry and physics are experimental sciences, based on measurements. Our characterization of molecules (and of everything else in the universe) rests on observable physical quantities, expressed in units that ideally would be precise, convenient and reproducible. These three requirements have always produced trade-offs. For example, the English unit of length inch was defined to be the length of three barleycorns laid end to end—a convenient and somewhat reproducible standard for an agricultural society. When the metric system was developed in the 1790s, the meter was defined to be... 

The SI (metric) system of units is the primary one for the text. Because the Btu-ft-pound system is still in wide use, answers and intermediate steps to examples are occasionally stated in these units. A few examples and problems are completely in English units. Some figures have dual coordinates that show both systems of units. These displays will enable the student to develop a bilingual capability during the period before full metric conversion is achieved. 

Corporate Leaders—those providing the leadership commitment, setting the expectations, for a process safety performance and the supporting metrics system including the resources necessary to develop and implement such a program throughout the corporation to improve process safety. 

The strategy document will describe scope of coverage for the metrics system, detailing what is included in the system and what is not, and will be used to guide development of detailed procedures for implementation and operation of the metrics system. 

It is important to collect data that will provide valuable insights into system performance. Sometimes, developers of the data systems start with all existing data, but do not have the knowledge to cull out the less valuable information. This leads to collecting information that is not very valuable and consumes resources with little gained in return. Metric system implementation leaders need to carefully select the final metrics that provide valid representations of performance. 

When implementing a metrics system, it is important to ensure the process safety data is reviewed for accuracy. Inaccurate data can lead to poor decisions and focus improper priority to issues. Worse, inaccurate data may focus attention away from serious performance deficiencies. The metrics system designer needs to define the methods that will be used to validate data entered into the metrics system. There are several techniques for validating data many of the techniques have been developed through quality-based efforts and auditing methods. The following is not a detailed how to for developing a validation method, but rather introduces topics for further research. 

Overburdening the metrics system (and those who use the metrics) with too much data may obscure important trends and open the possibility of focusing on the wrong issues. Developers of metrics systems need to be aware of the resources required to routinely collect and analyze the data. Specifying too much data collection will overburden the available resources for data collection and analysis. Any effort to collect data will compete with objectives in other areas. 

Develop the detailed objectives of the metrics training system and define what outcomes are expected from the training and how these outcomes will impact the implementation of the metrics system. There will be broad principles that need to apply across the organization and specific task-related knowledge that must be transferred to the practitioners for the metrics system. As the training is defined, estimates for resource needs and time to complete the training can be made. It will... 

Individuals who collect and analyze metrics—those who will lead the implementation as well as those who will receive and use the metrics—need to understand why the metrics are valuable and how the company, and they personally, will benefit from their adoption. If the personnel involved in collecting the data understand the objectives and benefits of the metrics program, it is more likely they will develop the commitment to execute the metrics system procedures. Understanding value is important but not sufficient, and personnel responsible for collecting information must also be trained on how to collect the information accurately and consistently. Training and education is therefore important to the success of the metrics program. 

As the metrics data is collected, defined uniform methods to interpret what the data mean should be developed. Allowing ad hoc data interpretations may lead to divergent and conflicting conclusions, and could result in unintended and inconsistent decisions. Thought should be given as to what the data will indicate, and those interpretations should be provided to data recipients. Of course, experience may indicate that some initial interpretations are not entirely accurate, and the metrics system should have provisions to address and correct such issues. 

The number of candidate processes to be evaluated in the component and systems development phase should be narrowed to not more than two or three. During this phase equipment for cold and hot (remote) processing should be designed, installed, and tested. At this time, planning and design studies may be initiated for the construction of a WO metric ton/year dedicated reprocessing facility based on modification to the EBR-II Fuel Cycle Facility. 

Traditionally, measurements in the clinical laboratory have been made in metric units. In the early development of the metric system, units were referenced to length, mass, and time. The first absolute systems were based on the centimeter, gram, and second (CGS) and then the meter, kilogram, and second (MKS). The SI is a different system that was accepted internationally in 1960. The units of the system are called SI units. 

The metric system of measurement was developed in 1795. A modern form of the metric system, called the International System (SI), was adopted in 1960 and provides the standard measurements that all scientists around the world can understand. 

The International System of Measurement (SI for Systeme International d Unith), a modern elaboration of the original metric system, was set up in I960. It was developed to provide a very organized, precise, and practical system of measurement that everyone in the world could use. The SI system is constructed using seven base units, from which all other units are derived (Table 1.1). The chemist is not usually interested in electric currents or luminous intensity, so only the first five of the base units on Table 1.1 will appear in this text. The meaning of mole, the base unit for amount of substance, is explained in Chapter 9. Until then, we will use the first four base units meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), and kelvin (K). 

Recyclability metrics approaches are generally similar to those for other aspects. It is possible to sum the masses or numbers of potentially recyclable chemicals, solvents, water, and so on. However, no matter which recyclability metrics are developed and ultimately chosen, they should drive chemists and engineers to explore different solvent systems that facilitate the desired chemistry while ensuring facile recovery and reuse. 

The metric system was originally developed in France just before the French Revolution in 1789. The modern version of this system is the Systeme International, or S.I. system. Although the S.I. system has been in existence for over forty years, it has yet to gain widespread acceptance. To make the S.I. system truly systematic, it utilizes certain imits, especially those for pressure, that many people find difficult to use. 

Almost everything we own—clothes, house, food, vehicle—is manufactured with measured parts, sold in measured amounts, and paid for with measured currency. Measurement has a history characterized by the search for exact, invariable standards. Our current system of measurement began in 1790, when the newly formed National Assembly of France set up a committee to establish consistent unit standards. This effort led to the development of the metric system. In 1960, another international committee met in France to establish the International System of Units, a revised metric system now accepted by scientists throughout the world. The units of this system are called SI units, from the French Systeme International d Unites. 

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