Methyl chloride-polystyrene

Methyl chloride-polystyrene, 56, 96 Methyl chloroformate, 59,195 Methyl (chlorosulfonyl)carbamate, 56,40 Methyl cyanoacetate, 56, 63 Methyl 2-(l-cyanocyclohexyl)diazene-carboxylate, 58, 102, 106... 

Methyl acrylate, 58, 82 Methylallyl, chloride, 57, 36 p-Methylbenzenesulfonyl cyanide, 57, 89 Methyl bromide, 58,43 Methyl bromoacetate, 57, 60 Methyl carbazate, 58, 102, 103,106 Methyl chloride diphenyl-, 55, 94 Methyl chloride polystyrene, 56, 96 2-Wethylcyclohexanone, 57, 70 2-Methyl-2-cvclohexenone, 58, 158, 159, 162, 163... 

Mesitylene [Benzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl-], 86 Z-Met.Gly.Gly-OEt[GlycineA - [Af- [A -[(phenylmethoxy) carbonyl] -L-methionyl]glycyl]-, ethyl ester], 93 Methane, iodo-, hazard note, 127 Methyl chloride-polystyrene [Benzene, diethenyl-, polymer with ethenyl-benzene, chloromethylatcd ], 96 Methyl iodide [Methane, iodo-], 79 Methyl mercaptan [Methanethiolj, 73 Moffat oxidation, 99... 

Moreover, during the course of our studies, N- I -(4,4-di-methyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1 -ylidene)ethyl]hydroxylamine, Dde-NHOH was also successfully coupled with 2-chlorotrityl chloride polystyrene in excellent efficiency.1 The novel compound Dde-NHOH was prepared, in 51% yield, by reacting 2-acetyldi-medone with hydroxylamine in MeOH THF at 5°C for 3h, followed by recrystallization from ice-cold hexane the major side-product, which increases in quantity over prolonged reaction time, was the predicted cyclized derivative 3,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,2-benzisoxazole. 

Carboxylated polyesters were prepared by extending hydroxyl-terminated polyester segments with dianhydrides. Carboxylated polyesters which were soluble in common lacquer solvents were effective in improving the adhesion of coatings on a variety of substrates when 1-10% was blended with cellulose acetate butyrate, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, bisphenol polycarbonates, and other soluble polymers. 

Examples of known phosphazene polymer blends are those in which phosphazenes with methylamino, trifluoroethoxy, phenoxy, or oligo-ethyleneoxy side groups form blends with poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), or polyethylene oxide).97 100 IPNs have been produced from [NP(OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3)2] (MEEP) and poly(methyl methacrylate).101-103 In addition, a special type of IPN has been reported in which a water-soluble polyphosphazene such as MEEP forms an IPN with a silicate or titanate network generated by hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane or tetraalkoxytitanane.104 These materials are polyphosphazene/ceramic composites, which have been described as suitable materials for the preparation of antistatic layers in the manufacture of photographic film. 

So far we have discovered very few polymerization techniques for making macromolecules with narrow molar mass distributions and for preparing di-and triblock copolymers. These types of polymers are usually made by anionic or cationic techniques, which require special equipment, ultrapure reagents, and low temperatures. In contrast, most of the commodity polymers in the world such as LDPE, poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), vinyl latexes, and so on are prepared by free radical chain polymerization. Free radical polymerizations are relatively safe and easy to perform, even on very large scales, tolerate a wide variety of solvents, including water, and are suitable for a large number of monomers. However, most free radical polymerizations are unsuitable for preparing block copolymers or polymers with narrow molar mass distributions. 

Isotactic Polystyrene. The familiar steam molding of pre-expanded particles has so far not been applied successfully to isotactic polystyrene. However, the polymer has been foamed, according to three disclosed methods. For example, finely divided acetone-insoluble polymer, with a melting point in excess of 200°C., is blended with a liquid selected from methylene chloride, aromatic hydrocarbons, or halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. This blend is then heated (84). A mixture of molten polymer and methyl chloride, propane, or butane is suddenly depressurized (8). Foam may also be generated in a continuous manner directly from a butyllithium-initiated polymerization conducted in the presence of a 4/1 blend of benzene and petroleum ether (15). 

Solution polymerization. Solution polymerization involves polymerization of a monomer in a solvent in which both the monomer (reactant) and polymer (product) are soluble. Monomers are polymerized in a solution that can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Many free radical polymerizations are conducted in solution. Ionic polymerizations are almost exclusively solution processes along with many Ziegler-Natta polymerizations. Important water-soluble polymers that can be prepared in aqueous solution include poly(acrylic acid), polyacrylamide, poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(iV-vinylpyrrolidinone). Poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polybutadiene, poly(vinyl chloride), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) can be polymerized in organic solvents. 

Methyl chloride is used as a refrigerant, as a local anesthetic, as a blowing agent for polystyrene foams, and as a methylating agent in the synthesis of a number of chemicals of commercial application. 

Polymers formed by addition polymerization include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (methyl methacrylate), polystyrene and poly (vinyl chloride). These are known as homopolymers because only one type of monomer is used as starting material. The linear structure of polymers created by addition polymerization reactions imparts properties such as the ability to be repeatedly... 

Polyisobutylene Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(styrene-co-butadiene) Polybutadiene Poly(vinyl chloride) Polystyrene Cellulose triacetate Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Poly(ethyl acrylate)... 

Amorphous polymers are characterized by the following properties They are transparent and very often soluble in common organic solvents at room temperature. The following amorphous polymers have gained industrial importance as thermoplastic materials poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), ABS-polymers, polycarbonate, cycloolefine copolymers, polysulfone, poly (ether sulfone), poly(ether imide). 

In spite of the great discoveries by Ziegler and Natta, most synthetic polymers are still made by free-radical reactions. Some of the important homopolymers are poly (vinyl chloride), poly (methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and low-density polyethylene. Other important polymers made by free-radical reactions contain two or more monomers, for example, the styrene-butadiene rubbers, and the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastics. Most of these polymers are not stereoregular. A few that are represent the subject of this section. 

Durene n. (durol, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylben-zene) C6H2(CH3)4. A substance occurring in coal tar, but usually prepared from xylene and methyl chloride in the presence of AICI3. It has been patented (USA 4,000,120) as an additive to make packaging films of polyolefins and polystyrene... 

By the monomer s or hypothetical monomer s name, preceded by the word poly. For example, the polymer obtained by the polymerization of ethylene is called polyethylene. The polymer obtained by the polymerization of propylene is called polypropylene. Others such as polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polyCmethyl methacrylate) are the polymers of vinyl chloride, styrene, and methyl methacrylate, respectively. The reaction of polyethylene and polyCvinyl chloride) is... 

A Russian patent [179] claimed the application of this process to many polymers—poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polymethacrylonitrile, fluoroethylene polymers, poly(vinyl acetate), polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, phenol-formaldehyde resins, and epoxy resins. The monomers used included acrylic and methacrylic acids, their esters, amides, vinyl acetate, and styrene. Attempts have also been made to apply this system to the preparation of block copolymers from natural rubber and vinyl monomers [180]. 

One way to obtain long-term information is through the use of the time-temperature-superposition principle detailed in Chapter 7. Indeed, J. Lohr, (1965) (the California wine maker) while at the NASA Ames Research Center conducted constant strain rate tests from 0.003 to 300 min and from 15° C above the glass transition temperature to 100° C below the glass transition temperature to produce yield stress master curves for poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene terephthalate. It should not be surprising that time or rate dependent yield (rupture) stress master curves can be developed as yield (rupture) is a single point on a correctly determined isochronous stress-strain curve. Whether linear or nonlinear, the stress is related to the strain through a modulus function at the yield point (mpture) location. As a result, a time dependent master curve for yield, rupture, or other failure parameters should be possible in the same way that a master curve of modulus is possible as demonstrated in Chapter 7 and 10. 

Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Polystyrene... 

The most important chain-growth polymers are polyolefins and other vinyl polymers. Examples of the former are polyethylene, and polypropylene, and examples of the latter are poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyacrylonitrile, and poly(methyl acrylates). The most common stepwise reactions are condensation polymerizations. Polyamides, such as nylon 6-6, which is poly(hexamethylene adipamide), and polyesters, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), are the most important commercial condensation polymers. These polymers were originally developed for use in fiber manufacture because of their high melting points but are now used also as thermoplastics. Polycarbonate is an engineering plastic that is made from bisphenol A and phosgene by a stepwise reaction. 

Figure 9.17 Plot of log [i ]M versus retention volume for various polymers, showing how different systems are represented by a single calibration curve when data are represented in this manner. The polymers used include linear and branched polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(phenyl siloxane), polybutadiene, and branched, block, and graft copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate. [From Z. Grubisec, P. Rempp, and H. Benoit, Polym. Lett. 5 753 (1967), used with permission of Wiley.]...

Other Polymers. Besides polycarbonates, poly(methyl methacrylate)s, cycfic polyolefins, and uv-curable cross-linked polymers, a host of other polymers have been examined for their suitabiUty as substrate materials for optical data storage, preferably compact disks, in the last years. These polymers have not gained commercial importance polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), cellulose acetobutyrate (CAB), bis(diallylpolycarbonate) (BDPC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), styrene—acrylonitrile copolymers (SAN), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC), and for substrates with high resistance to heat softening, polysulfones (PSU) and polyimides (PI). 

Fig. 4. Comparative thermogravimetric analyses of polymers in nitrogen A, poly(vinyl chloride) B, poly(methyl methacrylate) C, polystyrene D,...

Carbon Cha.in Backbone Polymers. These polymers may be represented by (4) and considered derivatives of polyethylene, where n is the degree of polymeriza tion and R is (an alkyl group or) a functional group hydrogen (polyethylene), methyl (polypropylene), carboxyl (poly(acryhc acid)), chlorine (poly(vinyl chloride)), phenyl (polystyrene) hydroxyl (poly(vinyl alcohol)), ester (poly(vinyl acetate)), nitrile (polyacrylonitrile), vinyl (polybutadiene), etc. The functional groups and the molecular weight of the polymers, control thek properties which vary in hydrophobicity, solubiUty characteristics, glass-transition temperature, and crystallinity. 

Fig. 15. Oxygen permeability versus 1/specific free volume at 25 °C (30). 1. Polybutadiene 2. polyethylene (density 0.922) 3. polycarbonate 4. polystyrene 5. styrene-acrylonitrile 6. poly(ethylene terephthalate) 7. acrylonitrile barrier polymer 8. poly(methyl methacrylate) 9. poly(vinyl chloride) 10. acrylonitrile barrier polymer 11. vinyUdene chloride copolymer 12. polymethacrylonitrile and 13. polyacrylonitrile. See Table 1 for unit conversions.

In general, the azo colors are useful for coloring polystyrene, phenoHcs, and rigid poly(vinyl chloride). Many are compatible with poly(methyl methacrylate), but in this case the weatherabiUty of the resin far exceeds the life of the dyes. Among the more widely used azo dyes (qv) are Solvent Yellows 14 and 72 Orange 7 and Reds 1, 24, and 26. 

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