Methods of Destruction

The most frequently used method to destroy unused or unwanted azides requires ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV), (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 (common name. 

While the ceric ammonium nitrate method is well suited for small-scale use in the laboratory, it is not economically feasible for the destruction of commercial quantities of azide. 

The nitrite method involves wetting or dissolving the azide with excess water. A freshly prepared 25% solution of NaN02 is added and slowly acidified with a 36% solution of nitric acid. The equation describing the decomposition is 

The undesirable characteristics of this reaction are that HN3 may escape and other toxic vapors may be generated [22]. However, the method destroys the azide ion effectively, as no color reaction can be observed with the Griess reagent for nitrite [23]. The method may be economical for large-scale destruction of azides, but the presence of HN3 may preclude its use. 

The destruction of lead azide by electrolysis in hot 20% NaOH has also been studied [24]. The advantage of this method is that the lead metal is deposited on the cathode and may be recovered directly. The disadvantage is that hydrogen and oxygen are generated. 

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The suggested method is appropriately implemented at the practice. The cost and working hours of unit measurement of it is less than of any alternative method of destructive test and with respect to the authenticity inspection of Stress-Deformation the given method is inferior only to destructive testing. The method was successfully implemented while evaluation of service life of main pipe-lines sections and pressure vessels as well. Data of method and instrument are used as official data equally with ultrasonic, radiation, magnetic particles methods, adding them by the previously non available information about " fatigue " metalwork structure. 

Widening interest in the quaHty of the environment has led to increased demand for information on a wide range of trace-metal contents of foodstuffs. Trace metals in foodstuffs are normally determined by spectroscopic techniques after complete destruction of the organic matrix. Destruction is achieved either by wet oxidation or by dry ashing additional treatment is normally required in order to obtain the metals of interest in a form suitable for analysis. Both methods of destruction are time consuming and tedious this is particularly true of the wet-oxidation procedure, which has the additional disadvantage of being potentially hazardous the methods require considerable analytical skill and experience. Both methods are prone to produce erroneous results either by the loss of an element of interest or by adventitious contamination from the component parts... 

Document (may be in protocol or investigator s brochure) with full details of study drug including details of stabihty, method of destruction, etc. 

The liquid corona technology can treat hazardous or toxic organic contaminants in water. When the technology is used to treat water, the plasma generates very reactive species that react with the contaminants in the water. The technology developer claims that the technology is very effective on materials that are recalcitrant to other methods of destruction. 

Daniel, in his excellent, although rather obsolete dictionary of explosives (Ref 1) gives the following methods of destruction ... 

The CWC prohibits the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer, or use of chemical weapons. Article IV requires that signatories destroy chemical weapons and any special facilities for their manufacture within 10 years (by April 29, 2007). Destruction of chemical weapons is defined as a process by which chemicals are converted in an essentially irreversible way to a form unsuitable for production of chemical weapons, and which, in an irreversible manner, renders munitions and other devices unusable as such (Smithson, 1993). The method of destruction is determined by each country, but the manner of destruction must ensure public safety and protection of the environment. 

For synthesis of a new structure the reagents are produced by the method of destruction of carbon and carbon-containing precursor. The nuclei of certain carbon structure are formed dining the interaction. Depending on the conditions of synthesis, the carbon structure may be carbine, fullerite, diamond, nanotube or other nanoobjects. 

Epoxidation of tetrahydropyranyl ethers e.g. isopentenyl tetrahydropyranyl ether) produces readily detonatable peroxides which are stable to many commonly used methods of destruction. ... 

Generally, destruction of returned study medications/devices by the sponsor/CRO may not take place until the final report has been prepared and until there is no further reason to question the accountability of the study medication/device. The actual destruction process must be documented in a manner which clearly details the final disposition of the unused medications/devices and the method of destruction. The information is particularly necessary in case of any query regarding environmental impact. In exceptional circumstances, unused study medications (e.g. cytotoxics, radio-labeled products) may be destroyed at the study site, with appropriate documentation. 

The increasing amounts of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC), such as 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE), released in the environment, together with their suspected toxicity and carcinogenic properties, have prompted researchers world-wide to find clean effective methods of destruction [1]. The abatement of chlorinated volatile organic compounds by catalytic combustion has been widely utilised in several technical processes. The lower temperatures required for catalytic combustion result in a lower fuel demand and can therefore be more cost effective than a thermal oxidation process [2]. In addition, the catalytic process also exerts more control over the reaction products and is less likely to produce toxic by-products, like dioxins, which may be generated by thermal combustion [3]. 

The U.S. Army does not plan to incinerate the lewisite stored in 10 one-ton containers at the Tooele site. The method of destruction to be employed has not been finalized, but the leading candidate is treatment with sodium permanganate to precipitate a manganese oxide-arsenic solid (Ember, 2006). This solid would be encased in concrete and disposed of in a permitted hazardous waste landfill, with the remaining liquids treated further and injected into a deep well. 

Liquid-phase catalysts are close models to enzymes and can be a gentle alternative method of destruction of halogenated hydrocarbons. Transition metal complexes, in particular metal porphyrins, corrins and phthalocyanines, have been studied in homogeneous abiotic aqueous systems as potential remediation catalysts, but further identification of degradative products is necessary, since innocuous products must result if synthetic catalysts are to be used effectively. Moreover, the implementation of homogeneous catalysts is still impractical because of problems with separating the catalyst in principle these can be overcome by immobi-... 

Propionaldehyde is destroyed by burning in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Permanganate oxidation is a suitable laboratory method of destruction (see Section 5.3). 

A suitable method of destruction of chlorobutanol is the burning of its solution in a combustible solvent in a chemical incinerator. 

Incineration and landfill disposal are commonly used to destroy or dispose cyanide wastes. Some common laboratory methods of destruction of cyanide are briefly outlined below under the compounds in the following sections. 

Chemical incineration is the most suitable method of destruction. Drain disposal may be done for small amounts of EGIE. 

Incineration is cited exclusively as a method of destruction, applicable to neat compounds or waste solvents. Other thermal methods, such as molten metal salt treatment, which involves intimate contact with a molten salt, such as AI2O3 (Shultz 1985), are suitable. Chemical processes that may be effective are wet air oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, and catalytic destruction. Ketones in aqueous wastes can be altered to innocuous gases by heating at 300-460°C (572-860°F) and 150-400 atm pressure with or without catalyst. Ni and Fc203 were found to be effective catalysts in such thermal treatments (Baker and Sealock 1988). 

Incineration and molten metal treatment are effective ways to destroy this componnd. Potassium permanganate oxidation is a snit-able method of destruction in the laboratory. 

Incineration is the most common method of destruction of phenolic wastes. Phenols are dissolved in combustible solvents and... 

The pharmacist should contact local environmental authorities prior to implementing the proposed method of destruction to ascertain that hazards are not associated with the destruction. 

The method of destruction. All drugs must be rendered unusable. 

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