Method of carbohydrate analysis

American Viscose was the dominant rayon company at the time and well-puriBed dissolving grade wood cellulose was constantly improved thanks to fundamental research on methods of carbohydrate analysis. Purves had originally studied at St. Andrews University where Haworth, Hirst, Purdy and Irvine pioneered the methylation techniques which were essential for chemical structure determination. 

No claim is made for the inclusiveness of this chapter as far as specific species are concerned. Rather, what is included is meant to be indicative of the types of carbohydrates found extraneous to the primary and secondary cell walls, and the orders and families in which particular carbohydrates are found. Examples given here are from the more recent literature for the most part. Although the more recent investigations used better methods of analysis, it should be recognized that contemporary methods of carbohydrate analysis have yet to be applied to examination of the extractable carbohydrates of woody tissues. To confirm the presence of extractable carbohydrates in woody tissue, it is recommended that a cross search by compound (number and/or name) and genus be conducted and that the papers uncovered in this search be scrutinized for occurrence in a specific tissue. 

All the anti-carbohydrate antibodies purified by affinity chromatography are isomers of a different number of isoforms. The forms can be separated by electrofocusing and all have been found to have combining activity for the immunodeterminant of the same antigen by the method of coupled analysis of electrofocusing and agar diffusion [88], The isoforms of antimonosaccharide antibodies are shown in Fig. (48). 

Beyond the essentially bacteriological methods involved in the production of bacteria, or of the culture media in which they have grown, special methods are confined to extraction procedures. Purification and analysis employ the methods of carbohydrate chemistry generally, but, in much... 

At the present time the hydrolytic methods of choice for tryptophan analyses appear to be with methanesulfonic acid in the presence of added 3-(2-aminoethyl) indole (see Moore 1972) or with NaOH in the presence of starch (Hugh and Moore 1972). Both methods will be described below, but it should be noted here that hydrolysis with NaOH has the advantage that carbohydrate in the protein sample does not affect the yields of tryptophan as it does in the acid hydrolysates. Other methods of tryptophan analysis involving spectrophotometry (Goodwin and Morton 1946 Edelhock 1967), titration with N-bromo-succinimide (Spande and Witkop 1967), or the formation of colored derivatives (Spies and Chambers 1948 Barman and Koshland 1967 ... 

Postcolumn labeling is a characteristic feature of carbohydrate analysis in which no direct physical methods are available for sensitive detection. Many labeling methods have hitherto been developed. The methods with phenol in sulfuric acid [16], orcinol in sulfuric acid [17], anthrone in sulfuric acid [18], tetrazolium blue in alkali [19], copper(II)-2-2 -bicin-chonitate [20], and 2-cyanoacetamide [21] are used for photometric detection. The methods with 2-cyanoacetamide [6], ethylenediamine [22], ethanolamine [23], taurine [24], and arginine [25] are used for fluorimetric detection. Some labeling methods for electrochemical detection were reported by Honda and Suzuki in 1984 [26,27],... 

The basic approach of this edition is little changed from the first the emphasis is still on the review of methods and applications which are most useful for quantitative, analytical determination of ions in a wide variety of matrices. An ultimate practitioner of ion chromatography, the author has added a substantial amount of data from his own applications development work. The theoretical background description on various subjects of ion determination is short but informative, and is written so that a novice in the field will not only read and understand it, but also enjoy it. Experts in the field, on the other hand, will undoubtedly find Dr. Weiss s new text a useful reference for many applications and practical problems faced by an analytical chemist, ranging from the field of water purity analysis to the complex task of carbohydrate analysis of glycoproteins. 

As is evident from the work that is reviewed here, the application of biocatalysts in preparative carbohydrate synthesis has continued to expand and diversify in recent years. Of particular note is the reengineering of biocatalyst properties (e.g., substrate specificity, stability) by the process of directed evolution. Significant progress in the study of the enzymatic biosynthesis of complex carbohydrate has been made with the development in protein purification, molecular genetics, and new methods of enzymological analysis. Bioinformatics provides a large number of putative candidates for carbohydrate-active enzymes. The combined... 

C A Browne and F W Zerban, Physical and Chemical Methods of Sugar Analysis, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1941, J Stanek, M Carny, J Kocourek and J Pacak, The Monosaccharides, Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp 865 955, G R Pigman m The Carbohydrates, (Ed W Pigman), Academic Press, New York, 1957, pp 602 640... 

Postcolumn labeling is a characteristic feature of carbohydrate analysis in which no direct physical methods are available for sensitive detection. Many labeling methods have hitherto been developed. The methods with phenol in... 

HeUerqvist CG, Sweetman BJ. Mass spectrometry of carbohydrates. In Smelter CH,Throck Watson J, editors. Methods of biochemical analysis. Hoboken, NJ Wiley-Interscience 1990. p. 91-143. 

Thin-layer chromatography is an established method in carbohydrate analysis. There is little room for improvement, but some unique advantages of planar geometry, especially the use of image processing systems and video integration, have not been yet fully exploited. 

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