Analysis of carbohydrates

J. M. CODDINCTON and M. J. Taylor, J. Coord. Chem. 20, 27-38 (1989), and references cited therein, including those which describe its application to conformational analysis of carbohydrates and its use in separation and chromatographic techniques. 

Techniques used in Bioproduct Analysis Analysis of Amino Adds, Proteins and Nudeic Acids Analysis of Carbohydrates and Lipids... 

PROTON SPIN-LATTICE RELAXATION RATES IN THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATE MOLECULES... 

Proton Spin—Lattice Relaxation Rates in the Structural Analysis of Carbohydrate Molecules in Solution... 

Goodall, I., Dermis, J. J., Parker, 1., and Sharman, M. (1995). Contribution of high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of carbohydrates to authenticity testing of honey. 

Tourn, M. L., Lombard, A., Belliardo, F., and Buffa, M. (1980). Quantitative analysis of carbohydrates and organic acids in honeydew, honey and royal jelly by enzymic methods. J. Apicult. Res. 19,144 146. 

Kunitani, M. and Kresin, L., High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of carbohydrate mass composition in glycoproteins, /. Chromatogr., 632, 19 1993. 

Vliegenthart, J.F.G., Dorland, L., and van Halbeek, H. (1983) High-resolution, lH-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a tool in the structural analysis of carbohydrates related to glycoproteins. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 41, 209-374. 

While there appears to be a profusion of methods for the analysis of carbohydrates in seawater, a study of the actual capabilities of the methods soon reveals that few of them furnish us with much useful information. At the moment only the methods of Johnson and Sieburth [158] and Burney and Sieburth [159], and the bicinchoninate method of Mopper and Gindler [157], furnish any real estimate of the total amount of carbohydrate present in seawater. For the analysis of the separate sugars, liquid chromatography of carbohydrate derivatives would seem to be the obvious choice. Several methods of determining carbohydrates have been described [177-184]. 

PAULUS, A., KLOWCKOW-BECK, A., Analysis of carbohydrates by capillary electrophoresis. In Chromatographia CE Series, (K. D. Altria, ed.), Vol. 3, Vieweg Sohn, Wiesbanden, Germany, 1999, pp. 93-170. 

Methylation analysis (and its different applications) is one of the most widely used methods in the structural characterization of carbohydrate chains (reviewed in refs, 5-8). In the present article, the progress achieved, and the problems encountered, in the analysis of animal glycolipids and glycoproteins are discussed, although many of the topics also concern the analysis of carbohydrate chains in general. Emphasis is laid on the efforts made to find ways to lessen the amounts of sample needed for the analysis, because only small amounts of glycan samples isolated from biological sources are often available. 

Difficulties are encountered in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbohydrate mixtures because of the structural and chemical similarity of many of these compounds, particularly with respect to the stereoisomers of a particular carbohydrate. As a consequence, many chemical methods of analysis are unable to differentiate between different carbohydrates. Analytical specificity may be improved by the preliminary separation of the components of the mixture using a chromatographic technique prior to quantitation and techniques such as gas-liquid and liquid chromatography are particularly useful. However, the availability of purified preparations of many enzymes primarily involved in carbohydrate metabolism has resulted in the development of many relatively simple methods of analysis which have the required specificity and high sensitivity and use less toxic reagents. 

Paulus, A., and Klockow-Beck, A. (1999). Analysis of Carbohydrates by Capillary Electrophoresis, Vieweg, Wiesbaden. 

Taverna, M., Baillet, A., Biou, D., Schluter, M., Werner, R., and Terrier, D. (1992). Analysis of carbohydrate-mediated heterogeneity and characterization of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins by high-performance capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 13, 359—366. 

Lurie, L, Hays, P., and Valentino, A. (2006). Analysis of carbohydrates in seized heroin using capillary electrophoresis. J. Forensic Sci. 51, 39—44. 

Chaplin used methanolysis for the analysis of carbohydrates in glycoproteins. His method was a variation of the foregoing procedures, with an improvement of using tert-hvAyX alcohol to remove hydrogen chloride by coevaporation, instead of prolonged trituration with silver carbonate. His method is useful for samples containing uronic acids and lipids. Mononen studied methanolysis, followed by deamination and reduction with borohydride, for determination of the monosaccharide constituents of glycoconjugates. This method was applied to a lipid-free, protein fraction of rat brain. 

The R1 detector is another basic detector in general use in HPLC. Although the sensitivity is generally lower than that of most other LC detectors, R1 detectors are especially useful for non-chromogenic compounds such as sugars [8], high molecular weight polymers [9], and some pharmaceuticals present in animal feeds [10], R1 has also been applied to microbore columns for the analysis of carbohydrates [11] and small molecules [12],... 

Wei Y, Ding MY. Analysis of carbohydrates in drinks by high-performance liquid chromatography with a dynamically modified amino column and evaporative light scattering detection. Journal of Chromatography A 904, 113-117, 2000. 

Table 19.4 reports some applications concerning HPLC analysis of carbohydrates in food samples. 

Benzoyl chlorides, like other acyl chlorides, react readily with alcohols to form the corresponding esters (259). The reaction requires 19 h to be completed, and it has been studied in the analysis of carbohydrates, aminosugars, and glycosides (260). Because the preparation of acyl derivatives of monosaccharides is difficult, phenyldimethylsilyl chloride has been also investigated as an alternative label (261). After dissolving the analytes in dimethylformamide and addition of... 

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